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THE CONTINUED EXERCISE OF REASON THE CONTINUED EXERCISE OF REASON PUBLIC ADDRESSES BY GEORGE BOOLE EDITED AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY BRENDAN DOOLEY The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or infor- mation storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. This book was set in Bembo Std by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Boole, George, 1815-1864, author. | Dooley, Brendan Maurice, 1953- editor. Title: The continued exercise of reason : public addresses by George Boole / edited and with an introduction by Brendan Dooley. Description: Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017032612 | ISBN 9780262535007 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Boole, George, 1815-1864. | Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. Classification: LCC QA9.2 .B657 2018 | DDC 511.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032612 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface vii INTRODUCTION 1 1 ON THE GENIUS AND DISCOVERIES OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON 73 2 ON THE CHARACTER AND ORIGIN OF THE ANCIENT MYTHOLOGIES 87 3 ON THE QUESTION: ARE THE PLANETS INHABITED? 107 4 A PLEA FOR FREEDOM 123 5 THE RIGHT USE OF LEISURE 127 6 ON EDUCATION 147 7 THE CLAIMS OF SCIENCE 163 8 THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF INTELLECTUAL CULTURE 185 Notes 197 Index 229 PREFACE Preface Preface © Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAll Rights Reserved Alexander Wheelock Thayer introduces an exhaustive life of Beethoven by remarking, “There is but one road to excellence, even for the genius of a Handel or a Mozart—unremitted application.”1 Yet where does this road pass? Through a place? A time? Trying to understand a great thinker from long ago involves the researcher in a curious conundrum. We seem to know the conclusion—the published work, the famous insights—but what are the premises? George Boole received the Royal Society’s first- ever gold medal in mathematics in the year 1844, and his crowning achievement, The Laws of Thought, published ten years later, stands as a monument of mathematical thinking. What clues are left about how those accomplishments occurred? We have a myriad of private papers scattered here and there between Britain and Ireland. If possession of an exceptional mind is not enough, what were the necessary or sufficient conditions that made the work a possibility? In advance of a comprehensive biography that someone may someday write, this book introduces the figure of George Boole by perhaps the next-easiest approach: through his own words. Bicentenary celebrations such as in the recent “Boole Year” (2015) often seem to allow the present to overwhelm the past. Publishing these texts will hopefully steer some of the interest back to the man himself. In fact, the closer we look, the more material his writings seem to offer for reflection by a wide variety of readers, including those whose chief interests may lie in the histories of science, culture, religions, education, and even freedom. Partly due to the nature of the occasions for which these texts were written, mathematics— Boole’s recognized area of competence—takes a back seat here, yet the reader will find that everything in one way or another relates to the laws of thought. viii Preface The Boole we are coming to know was not simply a polymath but also an intellect of surprising originality in numerous fields of knowledge— indeed, an intellect keenly interested in how those fields fit together, and how they might contribute to the grand project of human engagement with the real and the ideal, the sacred and the profane, the good and the contrary. Investigators into any question, in his view, must attend to the operations of logical abstraction that characterized all thought processes. Everywhere patterns abound—of behavior, expression, belief, experience, memory—which must be sought out and made to reveal the structures underneath, even the laws, applying not only to the bodies in the universe and the things on earth but the human story too. In the effort to reach a deeper understanding, Boole’s answers are sometimes surprising, sometimes prescient, sometimes disconcerting; they are illustrated in the pages below. Although this collection does not refer to the history of mathematics per se, the editor was drawn to the subject by curiosity about the tension between what appear to be two poles of methodological reflection: science and humanities. In the early nineteenth century, that opposition was far less clearly drawn than now, although at the time of this writing there are conciliatory movements afoot on both sides of the “two cultures” divide famously delineated by C. P. Snow in 1959, and not only because of the twilight of positivism. Themes of methodological cross-fertilization have come up in the work of Robert K. Merton and a host of others, but perhaps nowhere quite so explicitly as in Edward O. Wilson’s Consilience (1998), which argues that knowledge can be united by a “continuous skein of cause-and-effect explanation and across levels of increasingly complex organization”—a concept robust enough to serve as the frame- work for a conference held at the New York Academy of Sciences (pro- ceedings published in the academy’s Annals in 2001), which concluded with a hope for someday realizing an ideal that harks back to humanity’s basic desire to know.2 As the debate continues, and the seemingly weaker sciences compete against the supposedly stronger, while the notion of “truth” gives way to “truth communities,” Boole’s work recalls the uni- versality of reason. On another personal note, at Jacobs University, located in Bremen, Germany, a history professor taught a course with a professor of mathematics under the title the Mathematics of History, ranging from the Preface ix ancient world to modern times, including Archimedes, Leonhard Euler, Niels Henrik Abel, Évariste Galois, and Albert Einstein, with excursions into Charles Babbage, Boole, and many others. Joint lectures would divide the material about each figure into contents and contexts. The students were hardworking, and the discussions with my colleague Ivan Penkov always highly stimulating. A major assumption of the course was that the two disciplines, math and history, had something in common in the realm of fact and proof, at least to the extent that organized thoughts in a logical sequence led ineluctably to our conclusions, because numbers and deeds were creatures of the human mind. Maybe I am a little less certain about this analogy now than I was then, but there seems little doubt that Boole was as much a creature of mathematics as he was of history. This book is devoted to helping find out how.