The Computer Engineering Handbook

1409 Pages·2002·28.207 MB·English

by  Vojin G. Oklobdzija, Richard C. Dorf

THE
COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
H A N D B O O K
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
The Communications Handbook, Jerry D. Gibson
The Control Handbook, William S. Levine
The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti & Douglas Williams
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby
The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker
The Engineering Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio
The Mobile Communications Handbook, 2nd Edition, Jerry D. Gibson
The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
The Transforms and Applications Handbook, 2nd Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas
The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop
The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Forthcoming Titles
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, 2nd Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
The Handbook of Ad hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A. Goddard,
Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate
The Communications Handbook, 2nd Edition, Jerry Gibson and Daniel Blumenthal
THE
COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
H A N D B O O K
Edited by
VOJIN G. OKLOBDZIJA
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Cover photos from Molecular Expressions Website (www.microscopy.fsu.edu), National High Magnetic
Field Laboratory, Optical Microscopy Division, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
©1995–2001 Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. With permission.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The computer engineering handbook / Vojin G. Oklobdzija, editor-in-chief.
p. cm.--(Electrical engineering handbook series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0885-2 (alk. paper)
1. Computer engineering. 2. Electronic digital computers. I. Oklobdzija, Vojin G. II.
Series.
TK7885 .C645 2001
004—dc21 2001043891
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Fernanda
por tu orgullo
coraje y dignidad
de una mujer luchadora
v
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0885_frame_FM Page vii Tuesday, November 27, 2001 2:11 PM
Preface
Purpose and Background
Computer engineering is such a vast field that it is difficult and almost impossible to present everything
in a single book. This problem is also exaggerated by the fact that the field of computers and computer
design has been changing so rapidly that by the time this book is introduced some of the issues may
already be obsolete. However, we have tried to capture what is fundamental and therefore will be of
lasting value. Also, we tried to capture the trends, new directions, and new developments. This book
could easily fill thousands of pages because there are so many issues in computer design and so many
new fields that are popping out daily. We hope that in the future CRC Press will come with new editions
covering some of the more specialized topics in more details. Given that, and many other limitations, we
are aware that some areas were not given sufficient attention and some others were not covered at all.
However, we hope that the areas covered are covered very well given that they are written by specialists
that are recognized as leading experts in their fields. We are thankful for their valuable time and effort.
Organization
This book contains a dozen sections. First, we start with the fabrication and technology that has been a
driving factor for the electronic industry. No sector of the industry has experienced such tremendous
growth. The progress has surpassed what we thought to be possible, and limits that were once thought
of as fundamental were broken several times. When the first 256 kbit DRAM chips were introduced the
“alpha particle scare” (the problem encountered with alpha particles discharging the memory cell)
predicted that radiation effects would limit further scaling in dimensions of memory chips. Twenty years
later, we have reached 256 Mbit DRAM chips—a thousand times improvement in density—and we see
no limit to further scaling. In fact, the memory capacity has been tripling every two years while the
number of transistors on the processor chip has been doubling every two years.
The next section deals with computer architecture and computer system organization, a top-level view.
Several architectural concepts and organizations of computer systems are described. The section ends
with description of performance evaluation measures, which are the bottom line from the user’s point
of view.
Important design techniques are described in two separate sections, one of which deals exclusively with
power consumed by the system. Power consumption is becoming the most important issue as computers
are starting to penetrate large consumer product markets, and in several cases low-power consumption is
more important than the performance that the system can deliver.
Penetration of computer systems into the consumer’s market is described in the sections dealing with
signal processing, embedded applications, and future directions in computing.
Finally, reliability and testability of computer systems is described in the last section.
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Locating Your Topic
Several avenues are available to access desired information. A complete table of contents is presented at
the front of the book. Each of the sections is preceded with an individual table of contents. Finally, each
chapter begins with its own table of contents. Each contributed article contains comprehensive references.
Some of them contain a “To Probe Further” section where a general discussion of various sources such
as books, journals, magazines, and periodicals are discussed. To be in tune with the modern times, some
of the authors have also included Web pointers to valuable resources and information. We hope our
readers will find this to be appropriate and of much use.
A subject index has been compiled to provide a means of accessing information. It can also be used
to locate definitions. The page on which the definition appears for each key defining term is given in the
index.
The Computer Engineering Handbook is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and to direct
inquirers to further sources and references. We trust that it will meet the needs of our readership.
Acknowledgments
The value of this book is completely based on the work of many experts and their excellent contributions.
I am grateful to them. They spent hours of their valuable time without any compensation and with a
sole motivation to provide learning material and help enhance the profession. I would like to thank Prof.
Saburo Muroga, who provided editorial advice, reviewed the content of the book, made numerous
suggestions, and encouraged me to do it. I am indebted to him as well as to other members of the advisory
board. I would like to thank my colleague and friend Prof. Richard Dorf for asking me to edit this book
and trusting me with this project. Kristen Maus worked tirelessly to put all of this material in a decent
shape and so did Nora Konopka of CRC Press. My son, Stanisha, helped me with my English. It is their
work that made this book.
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Editor-in-Chief
Vojin G. Oklobdzija is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers and Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE Solid-
State Circuits and IEEE Circuits and Systems Societies. He received
his Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees from the University of California, Los
Angeles in 1978 and 1982, as well as a Dipl. Ing. (MScEE) from
the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Belgrade,
Yugoslavia in 1971.
From 1982 to 1991 he was at the IBM T. J. Watson Research
Center in New York where he made contributions to the develop-
ment of RISC architecture and processors. In the course of this work
he obtained a patent on Register-Renaming, which enabled an entire
new generation of super-scalar processors.
From 1988–90 he was a visiting faculty at the University of
California, Berkeley, while on leave from IBM. Since 1991, Prof.
Oklobdzija has held various consulting positions. He was a con-
sultant to Sun Microsystems Laboratories, AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Hitachi Research Laboratories, Silicon Systems/Texas Instruments Inc., and Siemens Corp. where he was
principal architect of the Siemens/Infineon’s TriCore processor. Currently he serves as an advisor to SONY
and Fujitsu Laboratories.
In 1988 he started Integration, which was incorporated in 1996. Integration Corp. delivered several
successful processor and encryption processor designs (see: www.integration-corp.com).
Prof. Oklobdzija has held various academic appointments, besides the current one at the University
of California. In 1991, as a Fulbright professor, he helped to develop programs at universities in South
America. From 1996–98 he taught courses in the Silicon Valley through the University of California,
Berkeley Extension, and at Hewlett-Packard.
He holds seven U.S., four European, one Japanese, and one Taiwanese patents in the area of computer
design and seven others are currently pending.
Prof. Oklobdzija is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the
American Association of University Professors. He serves on the editorial boards of the IEEE Transactions
on VLSI Systems and the Journal of VLSI Signal Processing. He served on the program committees of the
International Conference on Computer Design, the International Symposium on VLSI Technology and
the Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. In 1997, he was a General Chair of the 13th Symposium on
Computer Arithmetic and has served as a program committee member of the International Solid-State
Circuits Conference (ISSCC) since 1996. He has published over 120 papers in the areas of circuits and
technology, computer arithmetic and computer architecture, and has given over 100 invited talks and
short courses in the USA, Europe, Latin America, Australia, China, and Japan.
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