The Changing Face Of Welfare: Consequences and outcomes from a citizenship perspective

296 Pages·2005·1.17 MB·English

by  Jorgen Goul Andersen

THE CHANGING FACE OF
WELFARE
Consequences and outcomes from a
citizenship perspective
Jørgen Goul Andersen, Anne-Marie Guillemard,
Per H. Jensen and Birgit Pfau-Effinger
i
The changing face of welfare
First published in Great Britain in October 2005 by
The Policy Press
University of Bristol
Fourth Floor
Beacon House
Queen’s Road
Bristol BS8 1QU
UK
Tel [phone]
Fax [phone]
e-mail [email protected]
www.policypress.org.uk
© Jørgen Goul Andersen, Anne-Marie Guillemard, Per H. Jensen and
Birgit Pfau-Effinger 2005
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested.
ISBN 1 86134 591 7 paperback
A hardcover version of this book is also available
The right of Jørgen Goul Andersen, Anne-Marie Guillemard, Per H. Jensen
and Birgit Pfau-Effinger to be identified as editors of this work has been
asserted by them in accordance with the 1988 Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act.
All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
permission of The Policy Press.
The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely
those of the editor and contributors and not of The University of Bristol or
The Policy Press. The University of Bristol and The Policy Press disclaim
responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any
material published in this publication.
The Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race,
disability, age and sexuality.
Cover design by Qube Design Associates, Bristol.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers, Southampton.
ii
Contents
List of tables and figures v
Preface vi
Glossary vii
Notes on contributors xi
one ‘Active’ citizenship: the new face of welfare 1
Per H. Jensen and Birgit Pfau-Effinger
two The goals of social policy: context and change 15
Adrian Sinfield
three Which way for the European social model: minimum 33
standards or social quality?
Alan Walker
four The advent of a flexible life course and the 55
reconfigurations of welfare
Anne-Marie Guillemard
five Citizenship, unemployment and welfare policy 75
Jørgen Goul Andersen
six Paradoxes of democracy: the dialectic of inclusion 93
and exclusion
Marina Calloni
seven Citizenship and the activation of social protection: 113
a comparative approach
Jean-Claude Barbier
eight The active society and activation policy: ideologies, 135
contexts and effects
Jørgen Elm Larsen
nine Individualising citizenship 151
Asmund W. Born and Per H. Jensen
ten Gender equality, citizenship and welfare state 169
restructuring
Birte Siim
eleven New forms of citizenship and social integration 189
in European societies
Birgit Pfau-Effinger
twelve The outcomes of early retirement in Nordic countries 205
Laura Saurama
iii
The changing face of welfare
thirteen The role of early exit from the labour market in 223
social exclusion and marginalisation: the case of the
UK
Philip Taylor
fourteen The emergence of social movements by social 241
security claimants
Rune Halvorsen
fifteen Conclusion: policy change, welfare regimes and active 257
citizenship
Jørgen Goul Andersen and Anne-Marie Guillemard
Index 273
iv
List of tables and figures
Tables
3.1 Social expenditure as a percentage of GDP 39
4.1 Growth of flexible employment in the European Union 62
(1985-95)
4.2 Changes in men’s inactivity rates by age group (1970-2000) 64
4.3 Proportion of 15- to 59-year-olds in education or training in 65
the European Union (1998)
7.1 Criteria for analysing the impact of reform upon citizenship 120
12.1 Construction of the data (n) 210
12.2 Current state of health among disability pensioners, early 211
retirees and older employed people (55-64 years old) (%)
12.3 Possession of social, political and economic resources (%) 211
12.4 The connections between the lack of social, political and 213
economic resources (gamma coefficients)
12.5 Proportion of older people who have at least two 214
welfare problems
12.6 Respondents with at least two welfare problems. Logistic 216
regression analysis, odds ratios (where health is excluded
from the welfare problems and used as an explanatory variable)
12.7 Respondents with at least two welfare problems. Logistic 217
regression analysis, odds ratios (where health is included
as a welfare problem)
13.1 Labour-force participation rates among older people (%) 224
Figures
3.1 The EU policy triangle 41
3.2 The social quality quadrangle 46
3.3 The constitution of competence for social quality 48
4.1 Percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds having received 65
occupational training during the last four weeks by age
group (1999)
5.1 Location of competing concepts of inclusion in the field 86
between an economic, a sociological and a democratic
perspective
12.1 Labour force participation and unemployment among 207
55- to 64-year-olds (2001)
v
The changing face of welfare
Preface
This book is an outcome of COST Action A13, ‘Changing Labour
Markets, Welfare Policies and Citizenship’.The purpose of COST
Action A13 has been to examine the effects of social security systems
and welfare institutions on the processes of political and social
marginalisation and exclusion. So far, COST Action A13 has published
or is in the process of publishing the following books and articles in
journals:
Jørgen Goul Andersen and Per H. Jensen (eds) Changing labour markets,
welfare policies and citizenship, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Jørgen Goul Andersen, Jochen Clasen, Wim van Oorschot and Knut
Halvorsen (eds) Europe’s new state of welfare: Unemployment, employment
policies and citizenship, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Tony Maltby, Bert de Vroom, Maria Luisa Mirabile and Einar Øverbye
(eds) Ageing and the transition to retirement, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Jean-Claude Barbier and Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer (eds) ‘The
many worlds of activation’, European Societies, vol 6, no 4, Special
issue on activation policies.
Harriet Bradley and Jacques van Hoof (eds) Young people in Europe:
Labour markets and citizenship, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Birgit Geissler (eds) Care and social integration
in European societies, Bristol: The Policy Press.
COST is an intergovernmental organisation for the coordination of
scientific and technical research, aiming at the coordination and
formation of networks on a European level between nationally funded
research projects. Some 80 experts, appointed by 17 countries, have
participated in COST Action A13. The COST Action A13 network
was in force for five years (1998-2003). For further information about
COST Action A13, see www.socsci.aau.dk/cost.
vi
Glossary
Activation Job training (in the form of a subsidised temporary job)
or education, with the strongly emphasised aim of
bringing people back to employment. However, it is
sometimes suggested that, in a broader sense, ‘activation
of social protection’ should designate all sorts of
restructuring social policies that aim to enhance
employment.
Active A new ideal of citizenship or a new set of rights and
citizenship duties based on a conception of a claimant (eg an
unemployed person) as an active citizen. The active
citizen is granted more autonomy and choice but in
return is assumed to be self-responsible, flexible and
mobile.
ALMP This abbreviation stands for ‘active labour-market policy’,
which includes activation but may also include proactive
measures, such as education for those employed.
Decomm- An individual’s right to maintain a reasonable standard
odification of living during periods without employment, such as
unemployment, retirement and illness – to live as a citizen
relatively independent of one’s labour-market position.
This is a key concept in much comparative welfare
research that focuses on the variations between welfare
regimes.
Discourses The presentation and discussion of an issue. This is an
institutionalised way of thinking; a social boundary
defining what can be said about a specific topic.
Discourses are seen to affect our views on all matters.
Empower- This term means enabling citizens to control their own
ment lives and being able to exploit opportunities for
participation. It has both an institutional aspect
(opportunities) and an individual aspect (knowledge,
skills, experience and subjective competence).
vii
The changing face of welfare
European The European employment strategy (EES) was launched
employment at the Luxemburg Job Summit in November 1997 and
strategy became a key component of the broader strategy
launched at the Lisbon summit in 2000. It emphasises
the commitment of the European Union to promote
employment and includes a process that defines common
objectives in relation to employment policy, together
with guidelines for the development of the employment
policies of member states.
Human This is a management philosophy focusing on the
resource development of co-workers, strategies for the individual,
management career planning, competence assessments and relevant
(HRM) tools for the development of the self.
IAP The ‘individual action plan’ is an element of activation
policies in the Danish welfare state. The IAP explicitly
accounts for the content and purpose of the activation.
It is negotiated in dialogue with a social worker or
employment officer and signed as a contract by the
unemployed person.
Male The model of a household unit with a male breadwinner
breadwinner and a female housewife and home carer, on which most
model welfare policies are historically based, especially in
continental European welfare states.
Marginali- Social exclusion usually means cumulative social
sation/social deprivation leading to exclusion from most of what is
exclusion understood as a normal, everyday life. Marginalisation
refers to a process or to a marginal position in relation
to various arenas in society such as work, and social and
political participation.
PARE Plan d’aide au retour à l’emploi. This is the standard
unemployment insurance ‘individual plan’. From July
2001, PARE has been the standard provision for all new
unemployed people who claim unemployment insurance
in France. Along with access to the benefit, it comprises
an individualised ‘project’ (involving the negotiation of
an action plan, or ‘projet d’action personalisé’ (PAP)).
viii
Glossary
Path In the broadest sense, path dependence refers to the fact
dependency that certain policy choices are more likely because of
the prior choices made. More narrowly, it refers to
mechanisms (positive feedback) that drive policies in a
particular direction that is very difficult to escape from,
because of the political or practical costs of doing so.
Policy A policy closure occurs when problems are formulated
closure in a way that restricts alternative means of handling them.
It excludes the possibility of other ways of thinking and
talking about the issue.
Poverty This term usually refers to relative poverty measured in
relation to median equivalent disposable income. The
relative poverty level is typically operationalised as 50%
or 60% of median equivalent disposable income.
Equivalence is established by correcting for differences
in household size and composition. Competing
equivalence scales are applied in making this correction.
RMI Revenu minimum d’insertion – the standard assistance
minimum income in France, which, since 1988, has also
been associated with a personal plan – contrat d’insertion.
A distinctive RMI feature has been – despite its current
2004 reform – the absence of any work obligation.
Social In 2000 the EU published its first social policy agenda
policy which emphasised the dynamic interaction between
agenda economic policy, employment policy and social policy.
Social The extent to which people are able to participate in
quality the social and economic life of their communities under
conditions which enhance their well-being and
individual potential. That is, the extent to which the
quality of social relations promotes both participation
and personal development.
SSO Social security, Denmark.
ix