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The Cereal Rusts
VOLUME I
ORIGINS, SPECIFICITY, STRUCTURE, AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Edited by William R. Bushnell and Alan P Roelfs
Cereal Rust Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota

ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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COPYRIGHT © 1984, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Cereal rusts.
Includes index.
Contents: v. 1. Origins, specificity, structure, and physiology.
1. Cereal rusts—Collected works. I. Bushnell, William R.
(William Rodgers) II. Roelfs, Alan P. SB741.R8C47 1984
633.1′049425 83-15035 ISBN 0-12-148401-7 (alk. paper)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
84 85 86 87 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memory of the pioneers who
developed the techniques and concepts
that have made economical control of
cereal rusts possible
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
Y. Anikster
W. R. Bushnell
J. Chong
Richard D. Durbin
J. V. Groth
D. E. Harder
R. Heitefuss
William Q. Loegering
Vladimir Macko
J. Manisterski
Kurt Mendgem
A. P. Roelfs
R. Rohringer
J. B. Rowell
D. B. (). Savile
J. F. Schafer
A. Segal
Richard C. Staples
I. Wahl
P. G. Williams
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I. Origins
1.
Contributions of Early Scientists to Knowledge of Cereal Rusts
J. F. Schafer, A. P. Roelfs, and W. R. Bushnell
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DESCRIPTION AND TAXONOMY OF CEREAL RUST FUNGI
III. LIFE CYCLES AND CYTOLOGY OF CEREAL RUST FUNGI
IV. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CEREAL RUSTS
V. RESISTANCE TO CEREAL RUSTS
VI. PHYSIOLOGY OF CEREAL RUSTS
VII. BOOKS AND A NEWSLETTER OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE
VIII. EPILOGUE—H. H. FLOR (1900-)
REFERENCES
2.
Evolution at the Center of Origin

I. Wahl, Y. Anikster, J. Manisterski, and A. Segal
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EVOLUTION OF CEREAL RUST DISEASES
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
3.
Taxonomy of the Cereal Rust Fungi
D. B. O. Savile
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODS OF STUDY
III. SPECIES CONCEPTS IN RUSTS
IV. RUSTS OF TEMPERATE (FESTUCOID) CEREALS
V. RUSTS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)
VI. RUSTS OF SORGHUM SPECIES
VII. RUSTS OF SUGARCANE
REFERENCES
Part II. Specificity
4.
The Formae Speciales
Y. Anikster
I. DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
II. HOST RANGE
III. THE ALTERNATE HOST
IV. CROSSINGS AND HYBRIDS
V. COMMON HOSTS AND SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
VI. MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMAE SPECIALES
VII. EVOLUTION
VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5.
Race Specificity and Methods of Study
A. P. Roelfs
I. INTRODUCTION
II. WHY STUDY RACE SPECIFICITY?
III. HISTORY OF RACE SPECIFICITY
IV. RACE NOMENCLATURE
V. SOURCE OF COLLECTIONS
VI. IMPORTANCE OF TYPE CULTURES
VII. SINGLE UREDIUM ISOLATES
VIII. SELECTION OF DIFFERENTIAL HOSTS
IX. “UNIVERSAL” RESISTANCE SERIES
X. PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
6.
Genetics of the Pathogen-Host Association
William Q. Loegering
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE ORIGIN OF THE GENE-FOR-GENE CONCEPT
III. THE GENE-FOR-GENE MODEL
IV. CATEGORIES OF GENETIC INTERACTION THAT CONTROL DISEASE
DEVELOPMENT
V. APPLICATIONS OF INTERORGANISMAL GENETICS
REFERENCES
7.
Histology and Molecular Biology of Host-Parasite Specificity
R. Rohringer and R. Heitefuss
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HISTOLOGY
III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
IV. PRESENT TRENDS, NEW TECHNOLOGY
REFERENCES
8.
Virulence Frequency Dynamics of Cereal Rust Fungi
J. V. Groth
I. INTRODUCTION
II. VIRULENCE DYNAMICS CURVE
III. POLYGENIC NATURE OF FITNESS
REFERENCES
Part III. Structure and Physiology
A. The Rust Fungus
9.
Germination of Urediospores and Differentiation of Infection
Structures
Richard C. Staples and Vladimir Macko
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE PROCESS OF GERMINATION
III. GERMLING DIFFERENTIATION
IV. SOME REFLECTIONS
REFERENCES
10.
Controlled Infection by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici under Artificial
Conditions
J. B. Rowell
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PRODUCTION OF INOCULUM
III. STORAGE OF INOCULUM
IV. PREPARATION OF INOCULUM
V. PREPARATION OF HOST
VI. PROCEDURE OF INOCULATION
VII. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INFECTION PROCESS
VIII. ENVIRONMENT DURING INCUBATION
IX. TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING INFECTION
X. CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
11.
Developmental Ultrastructure of Hyphae and Spores
D. E. Harder
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTERCELLULAR HYPHAE
III. PYCNIA
IV. AECIA
V. UREDIA
VI. TELIOSPORE ONTOGENY
REFERENCES
12.
Development and Physiology of Teliospores
Kurt Mendgen
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MORPHOLOGY AND ONTOGENY OF TELIOSPORE AND BASIDIOSPORE
FORMATION
III. PHYSIOLOGY OF TELIOSPORES
IV. GERMINATION AND PENETRATION OF BASIDIOSPORES
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
13.
Obligate Parasitism and Axenic Culture
P. G. Williams
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBLIGATE PARASITISM
III. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
IV. PROBLEMS
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
B. The Host—Parasite Interface
14.
Structure and Physiology of Haustoria
D. E. Harder and J. Chong
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION
III. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
IV. DIKARYOTIC HAUSTORIA
V. MONOKARYOTIC HAUSTORIA
VI. COLLARS
VII. HAUSTORIAL FUNCTION
REFERENCES
C. The Rusted Host
15.
Structural and Physiological Alterations in Susceptible Host Tissue
W. R. Bushnell
I. INTRODUCTION
II. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RUSTED HOST TISSUES
III. HORMONAL CHANGES IN RUSTED HOST TISSUES
IV. METABOLIC CHANGES IN RUSTED HOST TISSUES
V. CONCLUDING STATEMENT
REFERENCES
16.
Effects of Rust on Plant Development in Relation to the Translocation
of Inorganic and Organic Solutes
Richard D). Durbin
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DISTRIBUTION OF SOLUTES DURING PLANT DEVELOPMENT
III. EFFECTS OF RUST ON SOLUTE DISTRIBUTION
IV. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PATHOGEN-INDUCED IMBALANCES
V. APPLICATIONS
VI. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Index