The Celebration of Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation

359 Pages·1999·1.36 MB·English

by  Enrico Mazza (Author)

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ISBN: 978-0-8146-6283-0
The Celebration of the Eucharist
Enrico Mazza
The Celebration of the Eucharist
The Origin of the Rite and
the Development of Its Interpretation
Translated by
Matthew J. O’Connell
A PUEBLO BOOK
THE LITURGICAL PRESS COLLEGEVILLE, MINNESOTA
A Pueblo Book published by The Liturgical Press
Design by Frank Kacmarcik, Obl.S.B.
© 1999 by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc., Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights
reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping,
or any retrieval system, without the written permission of The Liturgical
Press, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321. Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN 978-0-8146-6170-3 (book)
ISBN 978-0-8146-6283-0 (e-book)
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mazza, Enrico.
[Celebrazione eucaristica. English]
The celebration of the Eucharist : the origin of the rite and the
development of its interpretation / Enrico Mazza ; translated by
Matthew J. O’Connell.
p. cm.
“A Pueblo book.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8146-6170-X (alk. paper)
1. Lord’s Supper—Catholic Church—History. 2. Mass—History.
3. Eucharistic prayers—History. I. Title.
BV823.M38613 1998
264'.02036'09—dc21 98-37348
CIP
Contents
PREFACE xiii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1. A Historical Study of the Liturgy: Its Method 1
2. Structure and Method in Treatises on the Eucharist 3
3. The Two Parts of the Treatise 4
4. Recourse to the Category of “Memorial” 5
5. The Sacrament of the Sacrifice 7
CHAPTER 2. OLD TESTAMENT SACRIFICES AND
RITUAL MEAL 9
1. The Slaughter of Animals in Deuteronomy 12:15 10
2. Jewish Meals as Ritual Meals 14
2.1. Was a Ritual Meal a Sacrifice? 14
2.2. The Basic Prayer of the Jewish Meal 15
CHAPTER 3. THE ORIGIN OF THE CHRISTIAN EUCHARIST 19
1. The Last Supper 19
2. Importance of the Eucharistic Prayer 20
3. Conformity to the Last Supper 21
4. The Ritual of the Last Supper 22
4.1. The Two Traditions about the Last Supper 22
4.2. A Passover Meal? 24
4.3. The Course of the Last Supper 26
CHAPTER 4. FROM THE JEWISH LITURGY TO
THE CHRISTIAN EUCHARIST 29
1. The Rite of the Jewish Festive Meal 29
2. The Rite in Didache 9–10 30
3. The Rite in 1 Corinthians 10:16-17 31
4. The Development of the Structure of the Eucharist 31
5. Conclusion 33
CHAPTER 5. PRIMITIVE ANAPHORAS:
FROM THE DIDACHE TO THE MYSTICAL EUCHARIST 35
CHAPTER 6. PRIMITIVE ANAPHORAS:
DEVELOPMENTS OF THE EUCHARISTIC LITURGY 39
1. The Alexandrian Liturgy 39
1.1. The First Strophe of the Alexandrian Paleoanaphora 39
1.1.1. Connection with the Yotser 40
1.1.2. The Therapeutae 41
1.1.3. Was There a Connection between
the Therapeutae and the Alexandrian Liturgy? 44
1.2. The Second Strophe of the Alexandrian Paleoanaphora 45
1.3. The Third Strophe, or the Petition 47
2. The Antiochene Anaphora 49
2.1. The Antiochene Structure 50
2.2. The Account of the Last Supper and
the Anaphora of Hippolytus 50
2.3. The Section Containing the Anamnesis and Offering 54
2.4. The Origin of the Epiclesis and
the Anaphora of Hippolytus 56
2.5. Conclusion 60
2.6. The Alexandrian Anaphora of St. Mark 61
3. The Roman Canon 62
4. The Syrian Anaphora 66
4.1. The Western Syrian Anaphora 67
4.2. The Eastern Syrian Anaphora 72
4.3. Jewish Origin of This Family of Anaphoras 73
CHAPTER 7. THEMATIC DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE EUCHARISTIC LITURGY 75
1. The Didache 75
1.1. The Vine of David 75
1.2. The Dwelling of God in Hearts 77
1.3. The Prayer of Petition 78
2. The Liturgy in 1 Corinthians 10–11 81
2.1. The Theme of Unity in the Old Testament 81
2.2. The Eucharist in 1 Corinthians 83
2.3. The Advance in Paul beyond the Didache 85
3. John 86
vi
4. The Mystical Eucharist 88
4.1. The Petition 88
4.2. The Thanksgiving 89
4.3. The Importance of the Term “Antitype” 90
CHAPTER 8. THE EARLY PATRISTIC PERIOD 93
1. Ignatius of Antioch 93
1.1. “Leave me to imitate the Passion of my God” 94
1.2. The Ministry of the Bishop 96
1.3. A Sacramental Conception of This Ministry 97
1.4. The Eucharist 99
1.4.1. The Eucharist, Thanksgiving, and
the Theme of Unity 100
1.4.2. The Thanksgiving 103
1.4.3. The Bread and the Wine 105
1.4.4. Medicine of Immortality 106
2. Justin 107
2.1. The Eucharistic Rite 107
2.2. Thanksgiving and Petition 109
2.3. The “Transmission” of the Eucharist 110
3. The Eucharist in Irenaeus:
Heavenly Element and Earthly Element 111
4. Conclusion 114
CHAPTER 9. TERTULLIAN AND CYPRIAN 117
1. Tertullian 117
1.1. The Eucharist: Body and Blood of Christ 117
1.2. Figura corporis 118
1.3. The Representation of the Body and Blood of Christ 121
1.4. Sacrificiorum orationibus 121
1.5. The Eucharist and Life 122
1.6. The Presidency of the Eucharist 123
2. Cyprian of Carthage 124
2.1. The Presidency of the Eucharist 125
2.2. The Eucharist an Imitation of the Last Supper 126
2.3. The Eucharistic Prayer 128
2.4. Old Testament Prefigurations 129
2.5. Sacrifice and Fulfillment of Figures 130
2.6. Sacramental Value 131
vii
2.7. Commemoration of Christ 132
2.8. Conclusions 133
3. Eucharist and Martyrdom 134
CHAPTER 10. THE FOURTH CENTURY 139
1. Some Liturgical Testimonies 139
1.1. The Alexandrian Anaphora 139
1.2. The Anaphora of the Apostles Addai and Mari 140
1.3. The Roman Canon 141
1.4. The Byzantine Anaphora of Basil 143
1.5. Conclusion 143
2. Eusebius of Caesarea 144
3. The Great Mystagogies of the Fourth Century 147
3.1. John Chrysostom 148
3.2. Theodore of Mopsuestia 149
3.3. Cyril of Jerusalem 150
3.4. Ambrose of Milan 151
3.5. Conclusion 154
4. Augustine 155
CHAPTER 11. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 161
1. The Eucharist and the Sacrifice of Christ 162
1.1. Amalarius of Metz 162
1.1.1. Amalarius’ Method 163
1.1.2. The Mass as Representation of the Passion 164
1.1.3. Scope of the Representation of the Passion 167
1.1.4. The Triform Body of Christ 169
1.1.5. Concluding Assessment 171
1.2. Commentaries on the Mass after Amalarius 172
1.2.1. Florus of Lyons 173
1.2.2. The Development in the Commentaries on
the Mass 174
1.2.3. Sicard of Cremona 176
1.2.4. Innocent III 179
1.2.5. William Durandus 180
2. Eucharistic Realism 182
2.1. Paschasius Radbert and Ratramnus 183
2.2. After Paschasius Radbert 187
2.3. Berengarius 190
viii
3. Eucharistic Devotion 192
3.1. In What Does Devotion to
the Humanity of Christ Consist? 193
3.2. Devotion to the Body of Christ 195
CHAPTER 12. THE SCHOLASTIC HIGH MIDDLE AGES 199
1. Thomas Aquinas 199
1.1. The Use of Scripture 199
1.2. The Development of Thomas’s Thought and
the Office of Corpus Christi 200
1.3. Beyond Physicism 202
1.4. Philosophy and Theology 204
1.5. Thomas’s Systematic Treatment of the Eucharist 207
1.6. Cause and Sign 208
1.7. The Consecration 210
1.8. The Eucharistic Rite as Figure of the Passion of Christ 210
2. St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio 215
2.1. Theology and Devotion 215
2.2. The Sacrament as Corpus verum 217
2.3. Is the Sacrament a Sign? 217
3. “What Does the Mouse Eat?” (Quid mus sumit?) 220
4. Conclusions 222
CHAPTER 13. THE EUCHARIST AND THE RELICS
OF THE SAINTS 225
CHAPTER 14. THE REFORMATION AND
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT 237
1. The Reformation 237
1.1. Luther 237
1.2. Calvin 241
2. The Council of Trent 244
2.1. A Note on the Theological Method of
the Tridentine Decrees 245
2.2. The Council of Trent and the Council of Constance 247
2.3. Aristotelianism 247
2.4. The Connection with the Middle Ages 248
CHAPTER 15. THE LITURGICAL REFORM OF
VATICAN COUNCIL II 251
1. Two Points of Doctrine 253
ix