The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 1: Ancient Science PDF
Preview The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 1: Ancient Science
РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS CONTENTS ListofIllustrations pagex NotesonContributors xii GeneralEditors’Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Introduction 1 PARTI MESOPOTAMIA 5 1 ScienceandAncientMesopotamia 7 francescarochberg 2 BabylonianMedicineasaDiscipline 29 markhamj.geller 3 MesopotamianMathematics 58 jenshøyrup 4 BabylonianandAssyrianAstralScience 73 johnm.steele PARTII EGYPT 99 5 TheCulturalContextof(Mathematical)ExpertsinAncientEgypt 101 annetteimhausen 6 EgyptianMedicine 120 johnnunn 7 EgyptianCalendarsandAstronomy 131 rolfkrauss vii РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS viii Contents 8 EgyptianMathematics 144 jenshøyrup PARTIII GREEKANDGRECO-ROMAN 161 9 PhysicalandCosmologicalThoughtBeforeAristotle 163 danielw.graham 10 Aristotle:AnOverview 181 andreafalcon 11 Aristotle’sPhysicalTheory 196 ericlewis 12 AristotleandtheOriginsofZoology 215 jamesg.lennox 13 Botany 238 laurencetotelin 14 ScienceAfterAristotle:HellenisticandRomanScience 248 libataub 15 LateAntiquity:ScienceinthePhilosophicalSchools 278 miiratuominen 16 MedicineinEarlyandClassicalGreece 293 philipvandereijk 17 HellenisticandRomanMedicine 316 viviannutton 18 GreekMathematics 345 nathansidoli 19 Greco-RomanAstronomyandAstrology 374 alexanderjones 20 GreekandGreco-RomanGeography 402 klausgeus 21 GreekOptics 413 a.marksmith 22 Harmonics 428 andrewbarker 23 GreekMechanics 449 serafinacuomo 24 Greco-EgyptianAlchemy 468 cristinaviano РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS Contents ix PARTIV INDIA 483 25 AstronomyandAstrologyinIndia 485 kimplofker 26 MathematicsinEarlyIndia(1000bce–1000ce) 501 clemencymontelle 27 IndianMedicineandAyurveda 532 philippa.maas PARTV CHINA 551 28 MathematicalKnowledgeandPracticesfromEarlyImperial ChinauntiltheTangDynasty 553 karinechemla 29 MedicineandHealinginHanChina 574 viviennelo 30 ChineseAstronomyintheEarlyImperialAge:ABriefOutline 595 christophercullen Index 617 РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS ILLUSTRATIONS 2.1 CatalogtabletsfromtheEsagil-kīn-aplischool page36 3.1 TheprocedureofBM13901nº1 67 8.1 Methodforfindingtheareaofacircle 154 11.1 Schematicshowingtherelationshipbetween 200 elementsandqualities 11.2 Diagramofthecosmosrepresentingthenaturalpositions 201 ofthefourelements 14.1 RomanmosaicdescribedasdepictingtheAcademyofPlato 250 14.2 ThephilosophicalschoolsofHellenisticAthens 251 14.3 Pythagoras,depictedonacoinproducedatSamos,under 262 TrajanDecius,Emperor249–51ce 19.1 Homocentricspheres 387 19.2 AsimpleeccentricmodelforMars 389 19.3 AsimpleepicyclicmodelforMars 389 20.1 ThecosmologyofAnaximander 404 20.2 Thesystemoffivegeographicalzones 405 20.3 ModernreconstructionofthemapofHecataeus 407 20.4 SchematicreconstructionoftheworldmapofEphorus 407 21.1 BinocularvisionaccordingtoPtolemy 419 21.2 Equal-angleslawofreflectionaccordingtoEuclid 420 21.3 Equal-angleslawofreflectionaccordingtoHeroofAlexandria 420 21.4 Equal-angleslawofreflectionaccordingtoPtolemy 421 21.5 Principlesdeterminingimagelocationinreflection 422 21.6 Analysisofreflectioninconcavemirrors 422 21.7 Analysisofrefraction 424 21.8 Ptolemy’sexperimenttodeterminetheangleofrefraction 424 fromairtowater 21.9 Ptolemy’stabulationsforrefractionfromairtowater 425 21.10 AtmosphericrefractionaccordingtoPtolemy 426 21.11 RefractiveimagedistortionaccordingtoPtolemy 427 x РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS ListofIllustrations xi 24.1 Alembic 475 24.2 Kerotakis 476 24.3 Ouroboros 478 24.4 InkwellfromVaisonlaRomaine,firstcenturybce,Louvre 481 26.1 Examplesofthenāgarīnumeralsfromvariousmanuscripts 512 26.2 Varioustrigonometriccomponents 524 29.1 Blacklacquerfigurineexcavatedfromatomb 582 atShuangbaoshan雙包山 29.2 Theearliestextantdiagramofthevulva,Mawangdui 584 tomb3,closed168bce РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Andrew Barker is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Birmingham and a Fellow of the British Academy. He has published 8 booksandover100articlesonancientGreekmusicandmusicaltheory. Karine Chemla, Researcher (CNRS, laboratory SPHERE) has edited: The History of Mathematical Proof in Ancient Traditions (2012); Texts, Textual Actsand the Historyof Science(with Virbel, 2015); TheOxfordHandbook of Generality in Mathematics and the Sciences (with Chorlay and Rabouin, 2016);andCultureswithoutCulturalism(withFoxKeller,2017). ChristopherCullenreadEngineeringScienceatOxford,andlaterdidaPhD inClassicalChineseatSOAS,UniversityofLondon,underthesupervision of D. C. Lau. He has published widely on the historyof science in China, and served as editor of the Science and Civilisation in China series. He is Emeritus Director of the Needham Research Institute and an Emeritus FellowofDarwinCollege,Cambridge. SerafinaCuomoisProfessorofAncientHistoryatDurhamUniversity.She worksonthehistoryofscienceandtechnologyinancientGreeceandRome, and has published on ancient mathematics, land-surveying, and military technology.Sheiscompletingabookonancientnumeracy. Andrea Falcon is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal.HeistheauthorofCorpieMovimenti.La fortuna del “De caelo” nel mondo antico (2001); Aristotle and the Science of Nature: Unity without Uniformity (Cambridge 2005); Aristotelianism in the FirstCenturyBCE:XenarchusofSeleucia(Cambridge2012);andAristotelismo (2017). He is the editor of Brill’s Companion to the Reception of Aristotle (2016). Markham J. Geller is Professor für Wissensgeschichte at the Freie UniversitätBerlinandTopoiExcellenceClustersince2010,onsecondment xii РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS NotesonContributors xiii from University College London. The PI of the ERC Advanced Grant Project, BabMed (2013–2018), he is also co-PI with Philip van der Eijk on amulti-yearproject,TheTransferofMedicalEpistemeinthe“Encyclopaedic” Compilations of Late Antiquity, within the Collaborative Research CenterEpistemeinBewegungattheFreieUniversitätBerlin.Hehasworked extensivelyonSumerian,Akkadian,andAramaicmagicandmedicine. KlausGeusisanancienthistorian,philologist,andgeographer.In2009he was appointed professor of the historical geography of the ancient Mediterranean at the Freie Universität Berlin. Geus works in the areas of ancient geography and astronomy. He has published 20 books and 250 papersandarticles. DanielW.GrahamisProfessorofPhilosophyatBrighamYoungUniversity. HeispresidentoftheInternationalAssociationforPresocraticStudies.His booksincludeExplainingtheCosmos(2006);(withco-editorPatriciaCurd) The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy (2008); The Texts of Early GreekPhilosophy(2010);andSciencebeforeSocrates(2013). Jens Høyrup was educated as a physicist at Copenhagen University. From 1973hetaughtfirstinthedomainofsocial,thenhumansciences,atRoskilde University, Denmark, until he retired in 2005. Much of his research has dealt with the conceptual, cultural, and social history of pre-modern mathematics. Annette Imhausen studied mathematics, chemistry, and Egyptology at Mainz University and the Freie Universität Berlin. She completed her doctoral dissertation in the history of mathematics and held fellowships at the Dibner-Institute (Cambridge, MA) and Trinity Hall (Cambridge, England). Since 2009 she has been Professor for the History of Early ScienceatFrankfurtUniversity. Alexander Jones is Leon Levy Director and Professor of the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University. His research interests include contacts between Babylonian and Greco-Roman astronomy and astrology, texts andartifactsofHellenisticandRomanperiodastronomy,andthescientific workofClaudiusPtolemy. Rolf Krauss studied Egyptology, history, and geography at the Freie Universität Berlin, earning a doctorate in 1981 with his dissertation “ProblemsoftheEgyptianCalendar.”In1996his“AstronomicalConcepts in the Pyramid Texts” was accepted at Hamburg University for German Habilitation (2nd dissertation). From 1982 until 2007 he was on the aca- demicstaffoftheStateMuseumsinBerlin. РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS xiv NotesonContributors JamesG.LennoxisProfessorEmeritusofHistoryandPhilosophyofScience at the University of Pittsburgh. His research in history and philosophy of biologyincludesatranslationwithcommentaryofAristotle’sOnthePartsof Animals (Oxford 2002), Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge 2001), andmanyarticlesandbookchaptersonAristotleandCharlesDarwin. EricLewisisanassociateprofessorofPhilosophyatMcGillUniversity.He haspublishedinancientphilosophy,andthephilosophyofmusicandnew mediaart. Vivienne Lo 羅維前 is the Director of the UCL China Centre for Health and Humanity. Her research focuses on the social and cultural origins of self-care. She translates and analyzes manuscript material from early and medieval China and studies the transmission of scientific knowledge along the so-called Silk Roads through to the modern Chinese medical diaspora. Philipp A. Maas is an Indologist who currently works at the University of Leipzig, Germany. His main interests are the pre-modern cultural and intellectual history of South Asia and the multiple genres of Sanskrit literature. Maas has published widely, especially on early classical AyurvedaandYoga. ClemencyMontelleisAssociateProfessorintheSchoolofMathematicsand StatisticsattheUniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand.She hasresearchinterestsinthemathematicalhistoryofearlycultures,including Mesopotamia, Greece, India, and the Islamic Near East. Her Chasing Shadows: Mathematics, Astronomy, and the Early History of Eclipse Reckoning (Johns Hopkins University Press) focuses on the theoretical treatment of eclipse phenomena in the ancient world. She is, with Kim Plofker,completingabookonthehistoryofSanskritastronomicaltablesin thesecondmillennium. JohnF.NunnretiredfromhisroleasHeadoftheAnaesthesiaDivisionof the Clinical Research Centre, British Medical Research Council. He has publishedwidelyonancientEgyptianmedicine,includingabookwiththat title(BritishMuseumPress,1996). Vivian Nutton, FBA, is Professor of the History of Medicine at the First Moscow State Medical University. His recent books include Ancient Medicine (2nd edn, 2013), a translation of Johann Guinter and Andreas Vesalius’ Principles of Anatomy according to the Opinion of Galen, 1538 (2017), and John Caius, An Autobibliography. Kim Plofker is Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Union College in Schenectady, New York, USA. Her areas of interest РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS NotesonContributors xv include the history of mathematics and astronomy in India and the medieval Islamic world, and the cross-cultural transmission of scientific models. FrancescaRochbergisCatherineandWilliamL.MagistrettiDistinguished Professor of Near Eastern Studies in the Department of Near Eastern Studies and the Office for the History of Science and Technology at the UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.ShepublisheswidelyontheBabylonian astralsciences,especiallycelestialdivinationandastronomy. Nathan Sidoli received his PhD from the University of Toronto, in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, and is currently Associate Professor of the History and Philosophy of Science at Waseda University,Tokyo.HisresearchfocusesontheGreekmathematicalsciences andtheirdevelopmentinmedievalArabicsources. A. Mark Smith is Curators’ Distinguished Professor of History at the University of Missouri. He has published widely in the history of optics and visual theory from antiquity to the seventeenth century, with special focusontheworkofIbnal-Haytham. JohnSteeleisProfessoroftheHistoryoftheExactSciencesinAntiquityin the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology at Brown University. A historian of astronomy, much of his work focuses on the development of theastralsciencesinBabylonia. Liba Taub is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge, where she is Director of the Whipple Museum oftheHistoryofScience;sheisalsoaFellowofNewnhamCollege.Having published extensively on Greco-Roman science, as well as scientific instru- mentsandmodels,hermostrecentmonographisScienceWritinginGreco- RomanAntiquity(CUP,2017). LaurenceTotelinisaseniorlecturerinancienthistoryatCardiffUniversity. HerresearchfocusesonGreekandRomanbotanyandpharmacology.Sheis the author of Hippocratic Recipes: Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth- and Fourth-Century Greece (Brill, 2009)and,withGavinHardy,AncientBotany(Routledge,2016). Miira Tuominen (PhD 2002, University of Helsinki) is tenured at the University of Jyväskylä. She has published on a wide array of topics, including two monographs, Ancient Philosophers on Starting Points for Knowledge (2007) and Ancient Commentators on Plato and Aristotle (2009). She is now finishing a monograph on Porphyry’s ethics in his On Abstinence.
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