The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 1, Part 1: Prolegomena and Prehistory

724 Pages·1971·48.11 MB·English

by  I. E. S. Edwards

THE
CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY
VOLUME I
PART 1
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE
CAMBRIDGE
ANCIENT HISTORY
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME I
PART 1
PROLEGOMENA AND
PREHISTORY
EDITED BY
I. E.S.EDWARDS F.B.A.
Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities, The British Museum
THE LATE C. J. GADD F.B.A.
formerly Professor Emeritus of Ancient Semitic Languages and Civilizations,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
N. G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A.
Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Bristol
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© Cambridge University Press 1970
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
This edition first published 1970
Reprinted 1974 1976 1986 1994
First paperback edition 1980
Sixth printing 2007
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Cambridge ancient history - 3rd ed.
Vol. 1. Part 1: Prolegomena and prehistory
1. History, Ancient
I. Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen
II. Gadd, Cyril John
III. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere
930 D57 75-85719
ISBN-13 978-0-521-07051-5 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of Maps page xiii
List of Tables xv
List of Text-figures xvii
Preface xix
CHAPTER I
THE GEOLOGICAL AGES
by D. L. LINTON
and F. MOSELEY
I Introduction i
II The Afrasian platform 5
in The Eurasian platform 9
iv The Tethys and the mid-world fold belt 12
v Origins of the modern seas, rivers and mountains 21
CHAPTER II
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN EASTERN
EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND EGYPT
BEFORE THE PERIOD OF AGRICULTURAL
AND URBAN SETTLEMENT
by K. W. BUTZER
I The natural, Early Postglacial environment 35
II Physical conditions in South-Eastern Europe
during the Last Glacial Period 47
I11 Prehistoric geography of South-Western Asia 49
iv Prehistoric geography of Egypt and the Nile
Valley 62
[v]
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vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER III
PRIMITIVE MAN IN EGYPT, WESTERN
ASIA AND EUROPE
IN PALAEOLITHIC TIMES
by DOROTHY A. E. GARROD
I Egypt page 70
11 Western Asia in general 74
in Syria—Lebanon-Palestine 75
iv Anatolia 86
v The North Arabian desert 86
vi Southern Kurdistan 86
VII Western Asia : conclusions 89
IN MESOLITHIC TIMES
by J. G. D. CLARK
VIII Neothermal environment and its impact 90
ix The Mesolithic settlement of Northern Europe 96
x South-west Europe and North Africa 106
xi Central and Eastern Europe 114
XII South-west Asia 118
CHAPTER IV
THE EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE
by W. F. ALBRIGHT
andT. O. LAMB DIN
I Language and History 122
II The Afro-Asian (Hamito-Semitic) Family 132
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CONTENTS vii
in The Indo-Hittite family page 138
iv Sumerian, Hurrian, Urartian, Elamite 145
CHAPTER v
THE EARLIEST POPULATIONS OF MAN
IN EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND
NORTHERN AFRICA
by D. R. HUGHES
andT). R. BROTHWELL
I Australopithecines and Pithecanthropines 156
II Homo sapiens 159
CHAPTER VI
CHRONOLOGY
I. EGYPT—TO THE END OF THE
TWENTIETH DYNASTY 173
by WILLIAM C. HAYES
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viii CONTENTS
II. ANCIENT WESTERN ASIA
by M. B. ROWTON
Introduction page 193
Sources
(a) The Assyrian eponym-lists and king-lists 194
(b) The year-lists 197
(c) The Babylonian king-lists 198
(d) The Sumerian king-list 200
(e) The Tummal chronicle 201
(/") Hittite royal lists of sacrifices for the dead 202
The Chronology of the second millennium B.C.
(a) Assyria 202
(b) Babylon 204
(c) Larsa 208
(d) Isin 208
(<?) Eshnunna 209
(/) Mari and Khana 210
(g) The Sea Country 211
(h) Anatolia, Syria and Palestine 211
(/) Elam 217
The Chronology of the Sumerian period (3500-2000) B.C.
(a) The Neo-Sumerian period (c. 2230-2000) 219
(b) The Sargonic period (c. 2370—2230) 219
(c) The Old-Sumerian period (c. 2800-2370) 220
(</) The Proto-historic period (c. 3500—2800) 226
The main problems
(a) The Assyrian calendar 229
(b) The date of Saustatar and Alalakh Level IV 229
(c) The date of the First Dynasty of Babylon 231
(J) The Kuknashur problem in Elamite chronology 234
(e) The chronology of Uruk in the Old Sumerian period 235
(/) The early period of the Judges in Israel 237
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CONTENTS ix
III. THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE
by FRANK H. STUBBINGS
The nature of the evidence p*gt 239
The chronology of the periods 242
The date of the fall of Troy 246
CHAPTER VII
(a) THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS IN
WESTERN ASIA FROM THE NINTH TO THE
END OF THE FIFTH MILLENNIUM B.C.
(b) ANATOLIA BEFORE 4000 B.C.
by J. MELLAART
w
I Geography, terminology and chronology 248
II The Zagros zone of Northern Iraq 254
in The Zagros zone of Southern Iran 260
iv Syria and Lebanon in the seventh and sixth millennia 264
v The Mesopotamian Plain 270
vi The Halaf culture 276
vii The Halaf period in Syria and Lebanon 282
vin Susiana and Southern Mesopotamia 284
ix The Iranian Plateau 290
x Southern Turkestan 294
(*)
xi Geographical introduction 304
xii 'Neolithic' Anatolia 306
XIII The Early Chalcolithic period; chronology and
grouping 317
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CONTENTS
xiv The Late Chalcolithic period; Middle Chalco-
lithic in Cilicia; continuity of painted pottery
cultures; Late Chalcolithic i and 2 page 323
CHAPTER VIII
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES FROM
AL-'UBAID TO THE END OF URUK 5
by MAX E. L. MALLOWAN
I Babylonia and Mesopotamia 327
II Assyria 376
in Syria 408
iv Iran 421
CHAPTER IX
(a) PREDYNASTIC EGYPT
by ELISE J. BAUMGARTEL
I Introduction: periods and chronology; the country 463
I1 The Predynastic civilizations: Badarian; Naqada I;
Naqada II 467
in Religion 492
iv Art 494
(b) PALESTINE DURING THE NEOLITHIC
AND CHALCOLITHIC PERIODS
by R. DE VAUX, O.P.
v The first settlements: hunters and farmers 499
vi Farmers and potters 510
VII Farmers, potters and metalworkers 520
viii The 'megalithic culture' 537
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