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The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light PDF

286 Pages·2010·4.98 MB·English
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The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light PHYSICS EXPLAINED The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light EDITED BY ERIK GREGERSEN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Erik Gregersen: Associate Editor, Science and Technology Rosen Educational Services Nicholas Croce: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Matthew Cauli: Designer, Cover Design Introduction by Jennifer Capuzzo Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Britannica guide to sound and light / edited by Erik Gregersen. p. cm. — (Physics explained) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530374-8 (eBook) 1. Sound—Popular works. 2. Light—Popular works. I. Gregersen, Erik. II. Title: Guide to sound and light. III. Title: Sound and light. QC225.3.G85 2011 534—dc22 2010013444 On the cover, p. iii: This graphic shows sound waves displayed on an oscilloscope. © www.istockphoto.com/Clearview images On page x: Prisms are able to break up white light into its component colors. Shutterstock.com On page xviii: This graphic shows sound waves displayed on an oscilloscope. Shutterstock.com On pages 1, 57, 69, 81, 147, 199, 223, 287, 332, 334, 336, 340: Shown here are sound waves represented on the screen of a device that measures the output of sound. Shutterstock.com CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1: Sound Plane Waves Wavelength, Period, and Frequency Amplitude and Intensity The Decibel Scale The Speed of Sound Circular and Spherical Waves Attenuation Diffraction Refraction Reflection Impedance Interference The Doppler Effect Sonic Booms Standing Waves In Stretched Strings In Air Columns In Solid Rods In Nonharmonic Systems Steady-State Waves and Spectral Analysis The Sound Spectrograph Generation by Musical Instruments The Human Voice Noise Hearing Dynamic Range of the Ear The Ear as Spectrum Analyzer Binaural Perception Environmental Noise Chapter 2: Acoustics Early Experimentation Modern Advances Amplifying, Recording, and Reproducing Architectural Acoustics Reverberation Time Acoustic Criteria Acoustic Problems Chapter 3: Beyond Human Hearing Ultrasonics Transducers Applications in Research Ranging and Navigating The Doppler Effect Materials Testing High-Intensity Applications Chemical and Electrical Uses Medical Applications Infrasonics Chapter 4: Light Theories of Light Through History Ray Theories in the Ancient World Early Particle and Wave Theories Geometrical Optics: Light as Rays Light Rays Reflection and Refraction Total Internal Reflection Dispersion Light as a Wave Characteristics of Waves Interference

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