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The Brain Stem in a Lizard, Varanus exanthematicus PDF

181 Pages·1987·5.012 MB·English
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Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology Vol. 107 Editors F. Beck, Leicester W. Hild, Galveston W. Kriz, Heidelberg R. Ortmann, K6ln J.E. Pauly, Little Rock T.H. Schiebler, Wiirzburg H.J. ten Donkelaar G.C. Bangma H.A. Barbas-Henry R de Boer-van Huizen J.G. Wolters The Brain Stem in a Lizard, Varanus exanthematicus With 69 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Dr. Hendrik Jan ten Donkelaar Roelie de Boer-van Huizen Dr. Jan G. Wolters Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, University of Nijmegen P.O.Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen Dr. Gesineke C. Bangma Hubrecht Laboratory Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology NL-Utrecht Dr. Heleen A. Barbas-Henry Department of Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit NL-Amsterdam ISBN -13: 978-3-540-t 7948-t e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72763-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72763-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Brain stem in a lizard, Varanus exanthematicus. (Ad~ances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology; vol. 107) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Varanus exanthematicus - Anatomy. 2. Brain stem - Anatomy. 3. Reptiles-Anatomy. I. Donkelaar, H.J. ten (Hendrik Jan), 1946-. II. Series: Advances in anatomy embryology, and cell biology; v. 103. QL80l.E67 vol. 107 574.4 s 87-16347 [QL666.L29] [597.95] This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1987 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typesetting, printing and binding: Universitatsdruckerei H. Sturtz AG, Wurzburg 2121/3140-543210 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Materials and Techniques 3 2.1 Cytoarchi tectonic Analysis 3 2.2 Immunohistochemical Procedures 4 2.3 Tract-Tracing Studies 4 2.3.1 Anterograde Degeneration Studies 4 2.3.2 Horseradish Peroxidase Retrograde and Anterograde Transport Studies 5 2.3.3 Retrograde Fluorescent Tracer Studies 5 2.3.4 Anterograde [3 H] Leucine Tracing Studies 6 3 Gross Anatomy 7 3.1 The Brain Stem 7 3.2 The Cranial Nerves 8 4 Spinal Projections to the Brain Stem 19 4.1 The Dorsal Column Nucleus and its Afferent and Efferent Connections 19 4.2 Fiber Systems Ascending in the Lateral Funiculus 21 4.2.1 The Spinal Lemniscus . . . . . 21 4.2.1.1 Spinorhombencephalic Projections 21 4.2.1.2 Spinomesencephalic Projections 23 4.2.1.3 Spinothalamic Projections 24 4.2.2 Spinocerebellar Projections . . 26 5 Organization and Connections of the Sensory Trigeminal Nuclei 28 5.1 Cytoarchitecture 28 5.2 Primary Afferents 29 5.3 Central Trigeminal Projections 32 6 The Solitary Tract and Related Nuclei 36 6.1 Cytoarchitecture: Viscerosensory Nuclei 36 6.2 Primary Afferents . . . . . . . . 37 6.3 Central Visceral and Taste Pathways . . 41 V 7 Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei 43 7.1 Somatomotor Nuclei . 43 7.2 Branchiomotor Nuclei 44 7.3 Visceromotor Nuclei . 45 8 The Vestibular Nuclear Complex and Related Structures 47 8.1 Cytoarchitecture 47 8.2 Primary Afferents 48 8.3 Central Vestibular Projections 49 8.3.1 The Fasciculus Longitudinalis Medialis 49 8.3.2 Vestibulospinal Pathways 54 9 Acoustic Projections 56 9.1 Primary Acoustic Projections and Nuclei 56 9.2 The Superior Olive 57 9.3 The Torus Semicircularis . . 59 10 Visual Input to the Brain Stem 61 10.1 The Tectum Mesencephali 61 10.1.1 Tectal Lamination 61 10.1.2 Tectal Afferents . . 63 10.1.2.1 Visual Input 63 10.1.2.2 Nonvisual Afferents 65 10.1.3 Tectal Efferents . . 68 10.1.3.1 Ascending Tectal Efferents 68 10.1.3.2 Descending Tectal Efferents 69 10.2 The Nucleus of the Basal Optic Root 74 10.3 The Isthmic Nuclei ....... . 74 11 Forebrain Projections to the Brain Stem 76 11.1 Notes on the Organization of the Reptilian Forebrain .............. 76 11.2 Basal Ganglia Projections to the Brain Stem 77 11.2.1 The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area 82 11.3 Diencephalic Projections to the Brain Stem. 87 11.3.1 Thalamic Projections to the Brain Stem 87 11.3.2 Hypothalamic Projections to the Brain Stem 87 11.4 The Habenulointerpeduncular Tract 88 11.4.1 The Nucleus Interpeduncularis 88 12 Cerebellar Connections . . . . 89 12.1 Notes on the Cerebellar Cortex 89 12.2 The Cerebellar Nuclei . . . . 90 12.3 Afferent Connections of the Cerebellum 91 12.3.1 Spinal Afferents . . . . . . . . . . . 91 VI 12.3.2 Rhombencephalic Afferents . . . . 91 12.3.2.1 Vestibular Afferents . . . . . . . 92 12.3.2.2 The Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi 92 12.3.2.3 The Inferior Olive . . . . . . . 92 12.3.2.4 Other Rhombencephalic Afferents 94 12.3.3 Mesencephalic Afferents . . . . 95 12.3.4 Prosencephalic Afferents . . . . 95 12.4 Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum 96 12.4.1 Corticonuclear Projections . . . . 96 12.4.2 Projections of the Cerebellar Nuclei 99 12.4.3 The Red Nucleus 103 13 The Reticular Formation 106 13.1 Cytoarchi tecture 106 13.2 Monoaminergic and Peptidergic Components 109 13.2.1 Distribution of Catecholamine Neurons in the Brain Stem .............. . 109 13.2.2 Distribution of Serotonin-Containing Neurons in the Brain Stem . . . . 111 13.2.3 Peptidergic Components . . . . . . . . . . . 113 13.3 Ascending Projections ........... 117 13.3.1 Ascending Projections of the Brain Stem Reticular Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 13.3.2 Ascending Monoaminergic Systems in the Reptilian Reticular Formation 121 13.4 Descending Projections . . . . . . . . 123 13.4.1 Reticulospinal Projections ..... . 123 13.4.2 Descending Monoaminergic Projections to the Spinal Cord ..... 129 13.4.2.1 Raphespinal Projections 129 14 Concluding Remarks . . 133 14.1 Ascending Projections 133 14.2 Descending Projections to the Brain Stem 134 14.3 Descending Projections from the Brain Stem 137 14.4 Cerebellar Connections 140 14.4.1 Cerebellar Afferents . 140 14.4.2 Cerebellar Efferents 141 14.5 Research Perspectives 144 Acknowledgments 145 References . 146 Subject Index 166 VII Abbreviations Used in the Figures * Acc nucleus accumbens ADVR anterior dorsal ventricular ridge cl caudolateral (somatosensory) area m medial (acoustic) area rl rostrolateral (visual) area Alh area lateralis hypothalami Am amygdala Amb nucleus ambiguus AmbX vagal part of the nucleus ambiguus bc brachium conjunctivum Bor nucleus of the basal optic root C caudal ca commissura anterior cb cerebellum cc corpus callosum cereb cerebellum Cerl nucleus cerebellaris lateralis Cerm nucleus cerebellaris medialis cho chiasma opticum Cm corpus mamillare Coa nucleus cochlearis angularis Codm nucleus cochlearis dorsalis magnocellularis Colm nucleus cochlearis laminaris cosp corticospinal tract cp commissura posterior cpa commissura pallii anterior CPC caudate-putamen complex Cs colliculus superior Cun nucleus cuneatus Cx cortex telencephali CXe cingulate cortex CXr frontal cortex CXsm somatomotor cortex D nucleus dentatus dh dorsal horn DI nucleus dorsolateralis thalami * Abbreviations with roman numerals are grouped separately at the end of the entries for the respective letters or at the very end in the case of roman numerals not preceded by a letter. IX Dm nucleus dorsomedialis thalami dp dorsal pallidum dso decussatio supraoptica Enp nucleus entopeduncularis posterior Ep nucleus entopeduncularis EW Edinger-Westphal nucleus FB Fast Blue fd funiculus dorsalis Fl nucleus funiculi lateralis fl funiculus lateralis flm fasciculus longitudinalis medialis fpd fasciculus predorsalis fr fasciculus retroflexus FRmes mesencephalic part of the reticular formation fu fasciculus uncinatus Fun nucleus funiculi dorsalis fv funiculus ventralis Gc griseum centrale gl granular layer of the cerebellum Glv nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis GP globus pallid us Gp nucleus geniculatus pretectalis Gr nucleus gracilis Hb habenula hip hippocampus hyp hypothalamus Ico nucleus intercollicularis Iflm nucleus interstitialis of the flm Ila intra laminar nuclei Ip nucleus interpeduncularis Ipd nucleus interpeduncularis pars dorsalis Ipv nucleus interpeduncularis pars ventralis Ism nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis Isp nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis lZ intermediate zone L lateral Lc locus coeruleus Le nucleus lentiformis thalami, pars extensa Ifb lateral forebrain bundle Li nucleus linearis intermedius Ll nucleus lemnisci lateralis 11 lemniscus lateralis Lm nucleus lentiformis mesencephali 1m lemniscus medialis Lp nucleus lentiformis thalami, pars plicata Lr nucleus linearis rostralis Is lemniscus spinalis M medial Md nucleus mediodorsalis x Med nucleus medialis mfb medial forebrain bundle ml molecular layer of the cerebellum Ncp nucleus of the commissura posterior Ndb nucleus of the diagonal band Nflm nucleus of the flm Nlot nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract NY Nuclear Yellow nl nervus olfactorius nIl nervus opticus nlIl nervus oculomotorius nlV nervus trochlearis nV nervus trigeminus nVI nervus abducens nVII nervus facialis nVIII nervus vestibulocochlearis (octavus) nVIIla anterior root of the nervus vestibulocochlearis nVIIlp posterior root of the nervus vestibulocochlearis nIX nervus glossopharyngeus nX nervus vagus nXII nervus hypoglossus oc olivocerebellar fibers Oli oliva inferior Ols oliva superior Pal pallidum Pb parab rachial region Pd nucleus posterodorsalis Ph nucleus periventricularis hypothalami Phg nucleus prepositus hypoglossi PI Purkyne cell layer Prmc nucleus profundus mesencephali, pars caudalis Prmr nucleus profundus mesencephali, pars rostralis Pt nucleus pretectalis Pv nucleus paraventricularis Pvo paraventricular organ R rostral Rai nucleus raphes inferior Rai nucleus raphes inferior, magnocellular part m Raip nucleus raphes inferior, "pallidal" part Ram nucleus raphes magnus Rap nucleus raphes pallidus Ras nucleus raphes superior Rasl nucleus raphes superior, pars lateralis Rasm nucleus raphes superior, pars medialis rasp raphespinal projections Rd nucleus raphes dorsalis resp reticulospinal projections Rf reticular formation Ri nucleus reticularis inferior XI Ril nucleus reticularis inferior, pars lateralis Ris nucleus reticularis isthmi Riv nucleus reticularis inferior, pars ventralis Rm nucleus reticularis medius rm ramus muscularis n. trigemini Rml nucleus reticularis medius, pars lateralis Ro nucleus raphes obscurus Rot nucleus rotundus Rpa nucleus raphes paUidus Rpo nucleus raphes pontis Rs nucleus reticularis superior Rsl nucleus reticularis superior, pars lateralis Rub nucleus ruber rusp tractus rubrospinalis rVme ramus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini sac stratum album centrale Sc subcoeruleus area sept septum sgc stratum griseum centrale sgfs stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale sgp stratum griseum periventriculare Si nucleus salivatorius inferior Sn substantia nigra Sne substantia nigra, pars compacta Sn substantia nigra, pars reticulata r So subcommissural organ so stratum opticum Sol nucleus tractus solitarii spcd tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis spcv tractus spinocerebellaris ventralis Ss nucleus salivatorius superior Sth nucleus subthalamicus Str striatum tb tractus tectobulbaris tbd tractus tectobulbaris dorsalis (neuron) tbv tractus tectobulbaris ventralis thd dorsal thalamus tm tectum mesencephali to tractus opticus tol tractus olfactorius lateralis Torc torus semicircularis, nucleus centralis TorI torus semicircularis, nucleus laminaris Tpp nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus tr opt tractus opticus tsol tractus solitarius tth tractus tectothalamicus Tub olf tuberculum olfactorium tV ds tractus descendens nervi trigemini Va nucleus ventralis anterior XII

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