The Brain and Its Self: A Neurochemical Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives PDF
Preview The Brain and Its Self: A Neurochemical Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives
J.Knoll TheBrainandItsSelf Joseph Knoll The Brain and Its Self A Neurochemical Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives With24Figuresand14Tables 123 Prof.JosephKnoll,M.D. Nagyv´aradt´er4 1089Budapest,Hungary LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2004116871 ISBN-10 3-540-23969-3 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-23969-7 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyright LawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer-Verlag.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springeronline.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005 PrintedinGermany Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,even intheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnames areexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Editor:Dr.R.Lange DeskEditor:S.Dathe Productionandtypesetting:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig CoverDesign:FridoSteinen,eStudioCalamar Printedonacid-freepaper 27/3152/YL-543210 TomyParentsandmyBrother, victimsoftheHolocaust, andtoalltheinnocentvictims ofthemyths-directedhumansociety Preface Today,on4November2004,asIstarttowritethispreface,worldometers.info shows that the current population of the earth is 6,433,096,068; during the last24h,203,063peoplehavebeenborn,butonly83,498havedied.Asusual, CNNpoursoutthelatestnewsaroundtheclock,convincinglyillustratingthe simultaneouscoexistenceoforderandchaosinhumansociety. Ithinkthatthehumancortexcreatedhumansocietyandisresponsiblefor its maintenance and continuous progress. The history of science shows that natural laws are simple and gray, but the phenomena brought into existence by them, however, are immensely complex and colorful. It has been the aim of my life to find a reasonable physiological explanation for the coexistence of order and chaos in human communities. In this study, I summarize the mostimportantfindingsofmyresearchinsupportoftheultimateconclusion thattheuniqueabilityofthehumancortextoacquiredrivescreated human society,asocietywhichisstillinthemyths-directedtrialanderrorphaseof itsdevelopmentandaimstofinditsreason-directedfinalequilibriumstate. TheBrain/SelfproblemhasalwaysbeenandwilleverremaintheQuestion No. 1 for human beings. The last analysis, a brilliant piece of writing by the late Karl R. Popper and John C. Eccles, was published in 1977. The title of their book, The Self and Its Brain: An Argument of Interactionism, discloses that theauthorswere dualists.Popper,thephilosopher,describedhimselfas an agnostic. Eccles, the brainscientist, was a believerin God and the super- natural. Both thought it improbable that the Brain/Self problem can ever be really understood. Both distrusted any simple solutions. Nevertheless, even forsomeonenotinagreementwiththebasicapproachofPopperandEccles, the intellectual content of the twelve dialogues between the two authors in September1974(PopperandEccles1977,PartIII)isfascinatingandexertsan irresistibleinfluenceuponthereader. Thetitleofmymonograph,TheBrainandItsSelf:ANeurochemicalConcept of the Innate and Acquired Drives, immediately makes clear that I have cast off the dualistic approach. A special analysis of the acquired drive and the discoveryofpreviouslyunknownbrainmechanismshaveallowedareasonable physiologicalinterpretationofthedevelopmentofsociallifeandoftheorigin ofartandscience.Thisstudyisanattempttodemonstratethatnaturallaws aresimpleevenintheBrain/Selfrelation. Acknowledgements ItisagreatpleasuretofirstofallmentionmyindebtednesstoKárolyKelemen andBerta Knoll(mywife),whoentered mylaboratoryasstudentsandwere my only coworkers in the early 1950s when we learned to instill the glass- cylinder-seekingdriveintothecortexofrats.Thismethodallowedustostudy thenatureofanacquireddriveandcatalyzedmyunderstandingofthecrucial importanceofthismechanisminthedevelopmentofsociallifeonearth. I also wish to express my gratitude to János Dalló, with whom I worked together for 40 years, and to Ildikó Miklya, who joined me in 1980 and is my chief coworker at present. Their enthusiastic work has been particularly helpfulinbetterunderstandingtheoperationofanacquireddrive. Iwouldalsoliketomentionallmyothercolleagueswhohaveworkedwith meduringthe30yearsofmychairmanshipoftheDepartmentofPharmacology attheSemmelweisUniversityofMedicine.Wehavedevelopednewdrugs,of which(−)-deprenylisnowthebestknown,acompoundusedworldwide.More than a dozen of them are now professors, internationally known scientists. Iwilljotheredowninalphabeticalorderonlythenamesofthosewithwhom Iworkedforatleasttwodecades:S.Fürst,K.Gyires,H.Kalász,V.Kecskeméti, K.Magyar,J.Timár,.andE.S.Vizi. I am indebted to Kunyoshi Fujimoto, President of the Fujimoto Pharma- ceutical Company (Osaka, Japan), who made me the offer to work together with his staff to perform my planned structure–activity relationship study, aimingtodevelopanewenhancersubstance,morepotentthan(−)-deprenyl. ThecollaborationwiththeFujimotoResearchLaboratory,ledbytheexcellent chemist, F. Yoneda, resulted in the development of R-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2- yl)-2-propylaminopentane, (−)-BPAP, the to-date most-potent and selective synthetic mesencephalic enhancer substance, and currently the best experi- mentaltoolforstudyingmesencephalicenhancerregulation. In closing, I wish to express my thanks to my good friends, L. Gyermek (USA),T.Ban(Canada),andE.Varga(USA),fortheirvaluablecommentson themanuscript. Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................XIII Introduction................................................................................... 1 1 InnateandAcquiredDrives.......................................................... 11 1.1 InnateDrivesintheServiceofaLimitedNumber ofIndispensable(Vital)Goals............................................... 11 1.2 AcquiredDrivesinServiceofanUnlimitedNumber ofDispensableGoals............................................................ 11 1.3 TheGlass-Cylinder-SeekingDriveinRats: AModelforStudyingtheCharacteristicsoftheDevelopment ofanAcquiredDrive............................................................ 12 1.4 SpecificActivation(ActiveFocus):ThePhysiologicalBasis ofaDrive........................................................................... 14 2 TheConceptionthatWhateverHumansAchievedDerives fromtheUnrestrictedCapacityofTheirBraintoAcquireDrives....... 17 3 EnhancerRegulation:ANeurochemicalApproachtotheInnate andAcquiredDrives.................................................................... 25 3.1 MesencephalicEnhancerRegulation: NaturalandSyntheticMesencephalicEnhancerSubstances....... 25 3.1.1 DefinitionofEnhancerRegulation: β -Phenylethylamine(PEA)andTryptamine, EndogenousEnhancerSubstances ............................... 25 3.1.2 TheRoleof(−)-DeprenylintheRecognition oftheEnhancerRegulationintheMesencephalicNeurons 27 3.1.3 (−)-Deprenyl (Selegiline) and R-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2- yl)-2-propylaminopentane[(−)-BPAP],Prototypes ofSyntheticMesencephalicEnhancerSubstances........... 33 3.2 PharmacologicalAnalysisofMesencephalicEnhancer RegulationUsing(−)-BPAPasaSpecificExperimentalTool...... 39 XII Contents 3.2.1 DetectionofaSpecificandaNonspecificForm ofEnhancerRegulationintheMesencephalicNeurons. StudiesUsingIsolatedDiscreteRatBrainRegions.......... 39 3.2.2 AnalysisoftheTwoFormsofEnhancerRegulation onIsolatedBrainCellsinCulture................................. 40 3.3 ConsideringEnhancerReceptors........................................... 47 3.4 CorticalEnhancerRegulation:AssumptionsAbout ItsPhysiologicalSignificance................................................ 49 3.4.1 EssentialFormsoftheModificationofBehaviorThrough Exercise,Training,orPractice..................................... 49 3.4.2 TheConceptthatLearningIsaCorticalEnhancer RegulationDependentFunction.................................. 55 3.5 TherapeuticAspectsofSyntheticMesencephalicEnhancer Substances......................................................................... 62 3.5.1 ThePhysiologicalMechanismsthatGiveReason fortheProphylacticAdministrationofaSynthetic MesencephalicEnhancerSubstancetoSlowBrainAging 62 3.5.2 RationaleforSlowingtheAge-RelatedDecline ofMesencephalicEnhancerRegulation bytheDailyAdministrationofaSmallDose ofaSyntheticMesencephalicEnhancerSubstance fromSexualMaturityUntilDeath................................ 81 3.5.3 Clinical Experiences with (−)-Deprenyl in Depression andinNeurodegenerativeDiseases: FurtherTherapeuticProspects.................................... 88 4 ApproachingOldProblemsFromANewAngle............................... 95 4.1 ANewInterpretationoftheSubstantialIndividualDifferences inBehavioralPerformances.................................................. 95 4.2 ANewInterpretationofForgetting,Remembering, andBoredom...................................................................... 98 5 TheoreticalAspectsoftheEnhancerRegulationApproach ...............113 5.1 SimultaneousCoexistenceofDeterminantsofOrderandChaos intheHumanBrain:AnApproachtotheOriginsofScience andArt..............................................................................113 5.2 TheTimelinessoftheConceptionoftheEnlightenment: SapereAnde!(DaretoGoIndependently!)..............................129 6 Conclusion.................................................................................141 References......................................................................................147 IndexofNames................................................................................163 IndexofSubjects .............................................................................171 Abbreviations (−)-BPAP R-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane CAR conditionedavoidanceresponse CR conditionedreflex CS conditionedstimulus ECR extinguishableconditionedreflex EF escapefailure ICR inextinguishableconditionedreflex IR intertrialresponse MAO monoamineoxidase MAO-A A-typemonoamineoxidase MAO-B B-typemonoamineoxidase β PEA -phenylethylamine (−)-PPAP (−)-1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane US unconditionedstimulus Introduction Imaginationismoreimportantthancreationbe- causeitlaysdownthefoundationofallcreation. AlbertEinstein WhereDoWeComeFrom?WhatAreWe?WhereAreWeGoing? Brain research is the only discipline that can answer these fundamental questions. ∗ Viewedfromahistoricaldistance,itseemstomethatPavlov’sepoch-making discoveryonconditioningchangedonceandforallscientificthinkingabout thebrainanditsself.Heexperimentallydemonstrated,ahundredyearsago, thatthewell-knownpsychicexperiencedescribed/definedwiththetermasso- ciationobjectivelyreferstotheacquisitionofaconditionedreflex,theestablish- mentofanewtemporaryconnectionbetweencorticalneurons.Thiswasthe decisiveturnthatinitiatedtheobjectiveanalysisofbehavioralperformances. Ontheotherhand,despitetheratherwidespreadreservationsaboutFreud’s life-work,histeachingaboutthementalstructureofahumanbeingwasob- viouslyprimarilyresponsibleforthedisseminationofthecurrentlygenerally acceptedviewsregardingtheoperationofthehumanpsyche. In retrospect it can be established as a fact that the tempestuous decades between 1890 and 1960 represent the most productive, revolutionary period inbrainresearch.ThepioneeringworkofThorndikeonanimalintelligence, summarized in his two monographs published in 1898 and 1911, and then furtherextendedasthepsychologyofwants,interests,andattitudesin1940, openedupnewchannelsofresearch(Thorndike1898,1911,1940).Thestud- ies on animal drives in the 1920s (Moss 1924, Richter 1927), the first deeper analysis of the purposive behavior in animals and in man (Tolman 1932), themethodologicalinnovationsthatsignificantlyimprovedthequalityofbe- havioralstudiesinanimals(Skinner1938),newtheoriesoflearning(Hilgard 1948),theconceptofGestaltpsychology(Koffka1935,Köhler1947),thedefini- tivediscoveryoftheascendingreticularactivitysystem(MoruzziandMagoun 1949),andlastbutnotleast,thegolden6thdecadeofthe20thcenturywithits
Description:The list of books you might like
