The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy PDF
Preview The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy
Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information The Brain and Behavior © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information The Brain and Behavior An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy Fourth Edition David L. Clark, PhD TheOhioStateUniversity Nash N. Boutros, MD UniversityofMissouri–KansasCity Mario F. Mendez, MD, PhD DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781316646939 DOI:10.1017/9781108164320 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Clark,DavidL.(DavidLee),1939–author.|Boutros,NashaatN.,author.| Mendez,MarioF.,author. Title:Thebrainandbehavior:anintroductiontobehavioralneuroanatomy/ DavidL.Clark,Ph.D.,TheOhioStateUniversity,NashN.Boutros,M.D.,Universityof Missouri–KansasCity,MarioF.Mendez,M.D.,Ph.D.,DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine. Description:Fourthedition.|NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2017. Identifiers:LCCN2017022977|ISBN9781316646939(paperback) Subjects:LCSH:Brain–Anatomy.|Neuropsychology.|BISAC:MEDICAL/MentalHealth. Classification:LCCQM455.C552017|DDC612.8/2–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017022977 ISBN978-1-316-64693-9Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateandup-to-dateinformationthatisinaccordwithaccepted standardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadeto disguisetheidentitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editors,andpublisherscanmakenowarrantiesthatthe informationcontainedhereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychangingthroughresearch andregulation.Theauthors,editors,andpublishersthereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamagesresultingfrom theuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestronglyadvisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythe manufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information Toourwives, Jane(D.L.C.),Sylvia(N.N.B.),andMary(M.F.M.) Andtoourchildren, Jennifer,Julie,andAmy(D.L.C.) TammerandAlexandria(N.N.B.) PaulandMark(M.F.M.) © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information Contents PrefacetotheFourthEdition ix ListofAbbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 10 Brainstem 151 2 AnatomyoftheGrossBrain 4 11 LimbicSystem:TemporalLobe 164 3 Histology 14 12 LimbicSystem:CingulateCortex 197 4 OccipitalandParietalLobes 33 13 AsymmetryandInterhemispheric Connections 216 5 TemporalLobe:NeocorticalStructures 56 6 FrontalLobe 73 7 BasalGanglia 103 8 Diencephalon:Hypothalamusand Index 233 Epithalamus 124 9 Diencephalon:Thalamus 140 Color plates are to be found between pp. 132 and 133. vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information Preface to the Fourth Edition This text is intended as an introduction to the com- togiveanopportunityforamorein-depthlookatthe plexityofhumanbrainanatomyinasimplifiedform. subjectinquestion. Structures emphasized arethose that are involvedin We have made many changes and additions. behaviors important to the clinician. The veritable Several of the chapters on cortex are completely tsunamioffunctionalimagingstudiesofthebrainin rewritten.Forexample,ourunderstandingofthecin- humanspublishedinthepastsixyearshascontribu- gulate cortex has dictated a move from a two-part tedgreatlytotheunderstandingoftheroleplayedby model to a four-part model with subdivisions. A various parts of the brain. Imaging techniques have number of the accompanying illustrations in earlier evolvedtoprovideamuchmoredetailedviewofbrain editions have been removed and new ones added to structure. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging now match the updated content. We introduced the con- allowsaviewoftherelativeintegrityofwhitematter ceptofbrainnetworksinthethirdeditionasagroup neural pathways. Paralleling the volume and resolu- of brain regions that interact together. This edition tion of detail is the gradual realization that brain providesanintroductiontomorethantennetworks. function is more complex than previously under- We have also expanded the sections on clinical con- stood. This has made our goal of a simple, easy-to- siderations. This reflects the publication of more read introduction to clinical neuroanatomy more detailed studies involvinglarger numbers ofpatients difficult. As with previous editions, our attempt to with specific disorders. In several cases the studies present function in a simplified voice is prone to havesampledbrainactivityatseveralpointsintime, distortion. To aid the reader from straying too far providing a sense of changes in brain anatomy and off the path we have provided numerous references functionoveryears. ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information Abbreviations CNS Centralnervoussystem 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptophan(serotonin) CRH Corticotropin-releasinghormone AC Anteriorcommissure CSF Cerebrospinalfluid ACC Anteriorcingulatecortex CT Computedtomographic ACh Acetylcholine D Dopaminereceptorstype1and2 AChE Acetylcholinesterase 1,2 DA Dopamine ACTH Adrenocorticotropichormone dACC Dorsalanteriorcingulatecortex AD Alzheimerdisease ADHD Attention-deficithyperactivitydisorder dAIC Dorsalanteriorinsularcortex DBS Deepbrainstimulation AFP Anteriorfacepatch DB DiagonalbandofBroca,verticallimb AI Anteriorinsula v DFPAN DorsalFrontoparietalAttention AIC Anteriorinsularcortex Network AIPA Anteriorintraparietalarea DG Dentategyrus aIPS Anteriorintraparietalsulcus DLPFC Dorsolateralprefrontalcortex aMCC Anteriormidcingulatecortex DMN Defaultmodenetwork AMH Anti-Mullerianhormone AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxa- DMPFC Dorsomedialprefrontalcortex dPCC Dorsalposteriorcingulatecortex zoleproprionate DTI Diffusiontensorimaging AN Anteriornucleus DWI Diffusion-weightedimaging APS Anteriorperforatedsubstance EC Entorhinalcortex ARAS Ascendingreticularactivatingsystem E-LTP Earlylong-termpotentiation ASD Autismspectrumdisorder EPI Epinephrine ASP Aspartate EPSP Excitatorypostsynapticpotentials ATP Adenosinetriphosphate FA Fractionalanisotropy BA Brodmannarea FEF Frontaleyefield BDNF Brain-derivedneurotropicfactor FFA Fusiformfacearea BLa Basolateralcellgroupoftheamygdala FLAIR Fluidattenuatedinversionrecovery BNST Bednucleusofthestriaterminalis FTD Frontotemporaldementia BOLD Blood-oxygen-leveldependent GABA Gamma-aminobutyricacid BP Bipolardisorder GCS GLYcleavagesystem BPD Borderlinepersonalitydisorder GLU Glutamate bvFTD Behaviorvariantfrontotemporal GLY Glycine dementia GP Globuspallidus CA Cornuammonis GPe Globuspallidusexternalsegment CC Corpuscallosum GPi Globuspallidusinternalsegment CeM Centromedialcellgroupofthe GTS GillesdelaTourettesyndrome amygdala Hb Habenula CEN Centralexecutivenetwork CFP Cingulo–frontal–parietal HIV Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus HPA Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Ch Cholinergiccellgroup ICG Intercalatedcellgroupsoftheamygdala cIPS Caudalintraparietalsulcus x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64693-9 — The Brain and Behavior 4th Edition Frontmatter More Information ListofAbbreviations INAH Interstitialnucleusoftheanterior PIC Posteriorinsularcortex hypothalamus pMCC Posteriormidcingulatecortex IPL Inferiorparietallobule PNS Peripheralnervoussystem IPN Interpeduncularnucleus POA Preopticarea IPS Intraparietalsulcus PPA Parahippocampalplacearea LC Nucleuslocuscoeruleus PPN Pedunculopontinenuclei LD Lateraldorsalnucleus PPRF Paramedianpontinereticular LDt Laterodorsaltegmentalnucleus formation LEC Lateralentorhinalcortex PRC Perirhinalcortex LGB Lateralgeniculatebody PTg Pedunculopontinetegmentalnucleus L-LTP Latelong-termpotentiation PTSD Posttraumaticstressdisorder lPOA Lateralpreopticarea Pul Pulvinar LS Lateralseptum PVN Paraventricularnucleus LTN Lateraltuberalnucleus RBD Rapideyemovementbehaviordisorder LTP Long-termpotentiation REM Rapideyemovement MAP Mentalandphysical RSC Retrosplenialcingulatecortex MB Mammillarybody sACC Subgenualanteriorcingulatecortex MCC Midcingulatecortex SAD Seasonalaffectivedisorder MCI Mildcognitiveimpairment SB Socialbrain MD Mediodorsalnucleus SCN Suprachiasmaticnucleus MEC Medialentorhinalcortex SEF Supplementaryeyefield MGB Medialgeniculatebody SI Primarysomatosensorycortex MI Massaintermedia SII Secondarysomatosensorycortex MIPA Medialintraparietalarea SMA Supplementarymotorarea mIPS Middleintraparietalsulcus SMC Supplementarymotorcomplex MLF Mediallongitudinalfasciculus SN Saliencenetwork MPFC Medialprefrontalcortex SNpc Substantianigraparscompacta mPOA Medialpreopticarea SPL Superiorparietallobule MPTP 1-methyo-4-phenyl- STG Superiortemporalgyrus 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine STS Superiortemporalsulcus MRI Magneticresonanceimaging SWS Slow-wavesleep MS Medialseptum SZ Schizophrenia MST Medialsuperiortemporalarea TBI Traumaticbraininjury MT Middletemporalvisualarea(V5) TIA Transientischemicattack MTLE Medialtemporallobeepilepsy TMS Transcranialmagneticstimulation NAc Nucleusaccumbens ToM Theory-of-mind NE Norepinephrine TP Temporalpole NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate TPJ Temporoparietaljunction NREM Non-rapideyemovement UF Uncinatefasciculus NST Nucleusofthesolitarytract V1 Primaryvisualcortex OC Opticchiasm V2 Secondaryvisualcortex OCD Obsessive-compulsivedisorder V3 Tertiaryvisualcortex OFC Orbitofrontalcortex V4 Quaternaryvisualcortex pACC Pregenualanteriorcingulatecortex VA Ventralanteriornucleus PAG Periaqueductalgray vAIC Ventralanteriorinsularcortex PbN Parabrachialnuclei VL Ventrallateralnucleus PCC Posteriorcingulatecortex VLPFC Ventrolateralprefrontalcortex PD Parkinsondisease vPCC Ventralposteriorcingulatecortex PET Positronemissiontomography VPL Ventralposterolateralnucleus PFC Prefrontalcortex VPM Ventralposteromedialnucleus PHC Parahippocampalcortex VTA Ventraltegmentalarea xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Chapter Introduction 1 Introduction The neuraxis in the human runs as an imaginary straight line through the center of the spinal cord Human behavior is a direct reflection of the anatomy andbrainstem(Figure1.1).Atthelevelofthejunc- andphysiologyofthecentralnervoussystem.Thegoal tionofthemidbrainanddiencephalon,however,the of the behavioral neuroscientist is to uncover the neu- neuraxis changes orientation and extends from the roanatomical substrates of behavior. Complex mental occipital pole to the frontal pole (Figure 1.1). processesarerepresentedinthebrainbytheirelemen- Theneuraxislocatedabovethemidbrainistheneur- tarycomponents.Elaboratementalfunctionsconsistof axis of the cerebrum and is sometimes called the subfunctions andare constructedfrom both serialand horizontalneuraxis.Across-sectiontakenperpendi- parallel interconnections of several brain regions. cular to the horizontal neuraxis is called a coronal An introduction to the nervous system covers general (frontal)section. terminologyandtheventricularsystem. Withregardtotheneuraxisofthespinalcordand brainstem: Major Subdivisions (cid:129) Dorsal(posterior)meanstowardtheback. The nervous system is divided anatomically into the (cid:129) Ventral(anterior)meanstowardtheabdomen. central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral ner- (cid:129) Rostralmeanstowardthenose. voussystem(PNS). (cid:129) Caudalmeanstowardthetail. (cid:129) TheCNSismadeupofthebrainandspinalcord. (cid:129) Thesagittal(midsagittal)planeisthevertical (cid:129) ThePNSconsistsofthecranialnervesandspinal planethatpassesthroughtheneuraxis.Figure1.1 nerves. iscutonthesagittalplane. Physiologically, the nervous system can be divided (cid:129) Theparasagittalplaneisparalleltothesagittal intosomaticandvisceral(autonomic)divisions. planebuttoonesideortheotherofthemidline. (cid:129) Thesomaticnervoussystemdealswiththe (cid:129) Ahorizontalsectionisacutoftissuetakenparallel contractionofstriatedmuscleandthesensationsof totheneuraxis(Figure9.1). theskin(pain,touch,temperature),theinnervation (cid:129) Across-section(transversesection)isacuttaken ofmusclesandjointcapsules(proprioception),and perpendiculartotheneuraxis(Figures10.1–10.3and thereceptionofsensationsremotetothebodyby 10.5). wayofspecialsenses.Thesomaticnervoussystem With regard to the neuraxis of the cerebrum (hori- sensesandcontrolsourinteractionwiththe zontalneuraxis): environmentexternaltothebody. (cid:129) Dorsal(superior)meanstowardthetop(crown)of (cid:129) Theautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthetone theskull. ofthesmoothmusclesandthesecretionofglands. (cid:129) Ventral(inferior)meanstowardthebaseoftheskull. Itsensesandcontrolstheconditionoftheinternal (cid:129) Rostral(anterior)meanstowardthenose. environment. (cid:129) Caudal(posterior)meanstowardtheoccipital boneoftheskull. Common Terms (cid:129) Thesagittal(midsagittal)planeisthevertical The neuraxis is the long axis of the brain and spinal planethatpassesthroughtheneuraxis. cord(Figure1.1).Across-section(transversesection)is (cid:129) Theparasagittalplaneisparalleltothesagittal a section taken at right angles to the neuraxis. planebuttoonesideortheotherofthemidline. 14:30:44 02 1:Introduction Plane of Figure1.1 Theneuraxisis Cerebrum orientation coronal section thelongaxisofthespinal Dorsal cordandbrain.Theneuraxis superior ofthehumanbrain changesatthejunctionof Caudal Rostral themidbrainand posterior anterior diencephalon.Caudalto thisjunction,orientationis Ventral asshowninthelowerright inferior (Brainstemorientation). Rostraltothisjunction, orientationisasshownin theupperleft(Cerebrum Occipital Frontal orientation). pole pole Horizontal neuraxis Plane of horizontal section Plane of cross section poDstoerrsioarl suRpoesritorarl Neuraxis inCfearuiodral anVteenriotrral Brainstem orientation (cid:129) Ahorizontalsectionisacutoftissuetakenparallel graymatterofthecerebralcortex,thewhite tothehorizon. matterbeneathit,andthecorpusstriatumof (cid:129) Acoronalsection(transversesection)isacut thebasalganglia. takenperpendiculartotheneuraxis. ‡ Thediencephalonismadeupofthethalamus, thehypothalamusbelowit,andthe OthertermsthatrelatetotheCNS: epithalamuslocatedaboveit. (cid:129) Afferentmeanstoortowardandissometimes usedtomeansensory. (cid:129) Thebrainstemliescaudaltotheprosencephalon. (cid:129) Efferentmeansawayfromandissometimesused Itconsistsofthefollowing: tomeanmotor. ‡ Themesencephalon(midbrain): (cid:129) Ipsilateralreferstothesameside.Contralateral ‡ Therhombencephalon,whichismadeupof referstotheoppositeside. thefollowing: TheCNSdifferentiatesembryologicallyasaseriesof (cid:129) Themetencephalon,whichcontainsthe subdivisionscalledencephalons.Eachencephaloncan ponsandcerebellum beidentifiedintheadultbrain.Inmanyregionsofthe (cid:129) Themyelencephalon(medullaoblongata) brain, the embryological terminology is applied to adultbrainsubdivisions: Ventricular System (cid:129) Theprosencephalonisthemostanteriorofthe Thecentralcanaloftheembryodifferentiatesintothe embryonicsubdivisionsandconsistsofthe ventricularsystemoftheadultbrain.Theventricular telencephalonanddiencephalon.Thecerebrumof cavities are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), theadultcorrespondswiththeprosencephalon. which is produced by vascular tufts called choroid ‡ Thetelencephalonconsistsofthetwocerebral plexuses. The ventricular cavity of the telencephalon hemispheres.Theseincludethesuperficial is represented by the lateral ventricles (Figure 1.2). 14:30:44 02
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