The Brain: A Beginner's Guide (Oneworld Beginner's Guides) PDF
Preview The Brain: A Beginner's Guide (Oneworld Beginner's Guides)
Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page i The Brain A Beginner’s Guide Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page ii Where today’s news only scratches the surface, ONEWORLD BEGINNER’S GUIDES combine a truly engaging approach with expert analysis of the most challenging issues facing modern society. Innovative and affordable, these books are perfect for anyone curious about the way the world works and the big ideas of our time. anarchism democracy mafia & organized ruth kinna david beetham crime james o. finckenauer anti-capitalism energy simon tormey vaclav smil NATO jennifer medcalf evolution artificial intelligence burton s. guttman blay whitby the palestine–israeli conflict evolutionary psychology biodiversity dan cohn-sherbok & r. dunbar, l. barrett & john spicer dawoud el-alami j. lycett bioterror & biowarfare philosophy of mind fair trade malcolm dando edward feser jacqueline decarlo the brain postmodernism genetics a. al-chalabi, m. r. kevin hart a. griffiths, b. guttman, turner & r. s. delamont d. suzuki & t. cullis quantum physics christianity global terrorism alastair i. m. rae keith ward leonard weinberg religion cloning hinduism martin forward aaron d. levine klaus k. klostermaier the small arms trade criminal psychology life in the universe m. schroeder, r. stohl ray bull et al. lewis dartnell & d. smith FORTHCOMING: animal behaviour feminist theory medieval philosophy beat generation forensic science modern slavery bioethics french revolution oil british politics galaxies philosophy of religion censorship gender & sexuality political philosophy climate change globalization racism conspiracy theories history of science radical philosophy crimes against humanity human rights renaissance art engineering humanism romanticism ethics immigration socialism existentialism indigenous peoples time extrasolar planets literary theory volcanoes Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page iii The Brain A Beginner’s Guide Ammar Al-Chalabi, Martin R. Turner and R. Shane Delamont Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page iv A Oneworld Book First published by Oneworld Publications, 2006 First published in the new Beginners Guide series, 2008 Copyright © Ammar Al-Chalabi, Martin R. Turner, R. Shane Delamont, 2006 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978–1–85168–594–3 Typeset by Jayvee, Trivandrum, India Cover design by Two Associates Printed and bound in Great Britain by XXX Oneworld Publications 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com Learn more about Oneworld. Join our mailing list to find out about our latest titles and special offers at: www.oneworld-publications.com Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page v Contents Preface viii Acknowledgements ix List of plates x Section 1: Introducing the brain Introduction: In the beginning . . . 3 1 The history of the human brain 6 – so it does do something after all 2 The evolution of the brain – 15 how the brain came to be 3 Nerves – the body electric 27 Section 2: Making a brain and mind from one cell 4 The development of the brain – 43 growing a nervous system Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page vi vi Contents 5 The anatomy of the brain – 54 understanding the grand plan 6 The supporting structures of the 78 brain – what a brain needs to survive 7 The development of behaviour and 87 reasoning – learning to be human Section 3: Having and using a brain as an adult 8 Consciousness – the ultimate 107 mystery 9 Memory – putting the past into 124 perspective 10 Sleep – bedtime for the brain 135 11 The motor system – making 147 movement and motion 12 The sensory system – feel the 156 world 13 The visuospatial system – making 166 light work Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page vii Contents vii 14 Language, hearing and music – 177 making sense of sound 15 Emotions and the limbic system – 192 the heart and the head 16 Investigating the brain – 201 discovering the diagnosis 17 Living for ever – the fountain of 214 youth 18 The end? 222 Appendix: Eric Chudler’s brain facts 223 and figures Glossary 239 Further reading 250 Index 251 Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page viii Preface When we were first approached to write this book, it was with a mixture of excitement and trepidation that we said yes: excitement because the brain is the essence of who we are and trepidation because the brain is the least understood of all organs. This book is aimed at the intelligent, educated reader. We have tried to keep the jargon as low as possible, but the content remains challenging. The emphasis is on a scientific perspective: we aim to lead the reader from a state of assumed ignorance to an understanding of cells, neurons, brains and brain functions, such as consciousness, explaining the development of the nervous system and the development of the mind along the way. We have tried to keep it as up to date as possible, but the 1990s were the Decade of the Brain, with huge investment in neuro- science. As a result, there has been an explosion in research and it is possible that some of the concepts in the book will be overturned in the next few years. Although we have kept to facts for the basics, for some aspects of the brain we can only provide opinions, because few facts exist, but these opinions are based on our existing knowledge. We are all neuroscientists and neurologists dealing with the brain every day and some of the ideas in this book are therefore our own original thoughts. As far as possible, we have tried to explain parallel concepts needed to understand the workings of the brain, especially where these are not related to neuroscience directly. It has been a wonderful experience putting our thoughts on paper, and we hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we enjoyed writing it. Ammar Al-Chalabi, Martin R. Turner and R. Shane Delamont Prelims.qxp 1/8/2008 12:17 PM Page ix Acknowledgements Many people have been instrumental in making this book possi- ble. We want to thank our kind and very patient editor, Victoria Roddam at Oneworld, our all knowing and highly skilled copyeditor, Ann Grand, and the unknown test readers whose suggestions have greatly improved the manuscript. Many friends and family have helped immeasurably by reading or listening patiently to different versions of the text, often many times over. In particular, this book would not have been possible without the support of Cathy Richards, Sally Coutts and Sue Richards. Illustrations throughout the book are by Charlotte James, our excellent and sharp artist. Chapter contributions were: overall editing for style, AAC; introduction AAC; chapter 1, The history of the human brain MRT; chapter 2, The evolution of the brain AAC; chapter 3, Nerves AAC; chapter 4, The development of the brain AAC; chapter 5, The anatomy of the brain MRT; chapter 6, The supporting structures of the brain MRT; chapter 7, The devel- opment of behaviour and reasoning AAC; chapter 8, Con- sciousness AAC; chapter 9, Memory RSD and AAC; chapter 10, Sleep RSD and AAC; chapter 11, The motor system AAC; chapter 12, The sensory system AAC and RSD, chapter 13, The visuospatial system MRT; chapter 14, Language, hearing and music AAC; chapter 15, Emotions and the limbic system AAC and RSD; chapter 16, Investigating the brain MRT; chapter 17, Living for ever AAC; chapter 18, The end? AAC.
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