Table Of Content

Student Manual for The Art of Electronics Thomas C. Hayes, Paul Horowitz Harvard University CAMBRIDGE WAIWLKSIPY PRESS Contents ANALOG Chapter I: Foundations rien Chater? 1 Chg 10 oe, 5 hag 2 Capt & RE Chet nnd “io cna: AC ero os ANhasos eg captor ruc. at Lat: eon ~ s ‘ea 2:Dinle Cov, a “hakod engi Pers a Lath Doteden nS wean oc, Soe agen on x Chapter 2; Transistors (bipolar Conon, Cages 28 2 a Chnces Tans EN MBB ‘Neraet ges Likes ae Lae Temi 8 (Ch 5 Tensor Can Dod! Fone Mal aye ‘Whi sans Cameo mis amgiee ‘Depascd ew) ius Lanse teaiane 14 tu asin Dara wep ial alt "Won rao Budd anpi Lab Tine Mer ° rp al ea Chapter 3: Field &ffect Pronsistors Clay 7 FETSI (researc aa ‘Marked apes Grrr are ‘allover 18 aha Ste ae) 158 (Glenn weesiatab I Chapter 4: Feedback and Operational Amplifiers sro: Feat: Chapir 2 AAS Cin Oy Ag cid 1 "Wie ample vee alii: srg Last Opie TEs ‘hs 9 Op Arp ie Days fn en "Soro ample Tegra es ofp ap 19: Opn ~ =) Chapter 4 (continued); Chapter $ Active Fikers & Oscillators (Cas 1 Op Aupe Pee Foetus Gt ‘at Ua Sonar ovr ied nae reason are vie 3 i tepuve ae a ‘Aree Nees cp ap sg tey “outa ‘hia pantry Arvest ‘Bloat Re PHL an 32 Lab sive otc, pnd a 23 ‘WegmapChn e250 Hava Be pesercrraet) ei aah, 1 Chapter 3: Pietd Effect Transistors esate Clagei FETs IL Suites omnesnsiog ot aluog Sr HCh eesn 34 Wo Sagi Singin hl Mpa Choi fe Sung ar Chapter 6: Voltage Regulators axa Power Circuits (has 12 Nola Regus. Tap 12:Yanage cpus Wrap Dangond en Cortens, Fiscone omits the xs Chapter: Presson Chan We Ase Lng Lids CP Girewied Loe oe Tohru) Decline * ‘Supencairy answincedacen ‘tegen DIGITAL et ae Chapter 8: Digital Electronics hase ue Ie AND <> DHA tari: Nase. Carew: Chars? at heabs nes Chips yee Goce: Contino Tapios81 T=NSE Sebnines Sow i Peper 6 “tate pie onan te urn a at ae ee SO) cued: Mos Aen Lannae eee BE A syns op : Chas Sem Chat Ripped Hite a: SflkedSunpis carted xe oragan ntact wa Spo 3S uaItat DA Takin Sigal cei aaa ““iwagg retin rap Comme anne a ayaa tage eins ice cps 2 tea cai ve achat oe 38 Lane ioweer te chee Brees: Wp: opsod Fas £0 rssh heir 43 Linu apie jain ‘yoni lane MAY xi Fa Cai : Chapter 9: Digital Meets Analog SSpesduaw ae {Gs avd > Da Prue Linke Laiprnte Cem Aon Seman Ch heen ON mencind reLi a Wegnaidiaie G0 pleteyieonmes Seer a 08 wag ibe aes Chapters 10, 31: Miervcorpaterss Mai all ELAS 398 Micenprncessort Ronn MS aon Dra Clue D4 a mena Gieeiieuitesie ate . asians ati ae “chat wall iitcaaiacay © Peon Sema oon vane Ato ey ema oo Ite - a2 Comients Laboratory Exercises mow diate dine) Lil, Lan, Labs. Lae 9, ts 1D orn La. Pah amano Las WE Cireits ‘Oks ave A Nentlosor device Th ede: Wolaye devin, Thoveuin eae! silloscope: AC sage dividor Capacitors (AC eran Diferentarorlnteyrator Low po or High pas ve Far cxapl Blog capitan, LC hse te Filer sage Diotes {Lc resus cit: Cantning Fourier ies, Ha wave seeing, Pull-tave ide reo: Rigg Sign dios; Dinde cmp, Diode tinier tpt a es “Transistors “Trowitor ensigns as nde Tse Sloe, Taanistr camer ii Cre ‘ours Grom enn anpive, 12s ach Transiers 1. ‘Byte dnd curve ia Gunde eter axle; Cure miro; Eber a cquuion Basing: yoo de bl; Pest Pt Transistors TT Dilfer arpiis Bota: bie fer; Duliagson: Sopebeca Field fie "Irvasistors 1 St characte PET current sues: Sour owe: FET ab Vt comme} mista; drplude meetin; "Rako brea! Op Amps ‘Of-amp opeaclnap gues hnventing amples, Non iaventiag apie lors {Gave seores Cutancia- vege econ Sumo apie: Pushfl tates Op Ampstt ‘Opp linaiony, AC aon te, Ingrator, Difeeator, Astin etn tins le Oscars ‘Charpanitor Shami cgge IC alacaan oscleor: Sauaaeh vez ota ‘lage conned onlin Wika ide so ost nene ens: inate folloner ope ability psblens Field Eafect Uransltors “Analg sith charactcstes; Appia ons! chorger out Sanpl-S-hol ‘lhe efpatior DIOS Meine Okage om orve sroner Suppites “The 123 rua, Toe senainl id megan, Theses gdje regular. ‘leet Town sgulens wk corenesoures olage rene: "Crowe eer ta tak Labi, Lah ab 19 Lah taba Lah Lak, (Contents DART i DIGETAL LABS Gates ‘Logis probs IC pes TIL & CMOS Lge farce wih WANDS: i oni "TTIy CMOS: CMOS NOT, NAND, Stee Flip Flops Teac, P fa: fl: Ripa couse Syavbronens cnanter Sil pier Digi me ne fe Couters it count: Cascading’ Load trom keypad Pognmanstle de bn counter, Pert meter Coputancs tat Merury; State Mears TRAM: Divide fou dan: Memory-tuse state chines: Single ‘Exemal ent] 8008 Ay Phase acked Toop: Two Dial Feeback Machines: iA, AE Slow motion Vl apt Wiping search we; Spe i, Letcing oupat Pase-Lockod Loop Sregornsy elke Ling losk; C2U peliniaay ene Sningbuspract Mermury em lie; Memory wile Topic Single ep: Tet rage: Tally ining diagiam 2: WO: Ouepete Eis smal programms ‘Buhrybachap; Bower dete, 10 devo Da pays iring praia [Be dopet: Mare small prograae slay ax wuhrtne;lnpoved del stn. Input cdo: Data pe nt Tapatoutp rr: Realy signa 0 progam with str ready Rass; esl aimee HEAD <> DA. ‘AT Dn wig dil, Prion: enataving dee DEA. AD woe kn & Oo er wei io pes IS Slorage stop; Pelertupt hee cepts? "seorage scopes keyurd comet Excenons A seme exorpom: eg: eer: hares nee ‘Pgrams rid rice vais NMG Apply erage Restor Check: « ging 8 ception progres yo rhoewe mt Applying Your Microcomputer For Carob) FY seepe dpe: Light pou, Vase output Diving a stopper motor. Games Soutd ssapliogigeveaton PREFACE “This maul is mendes! wo be ubed along with The Art of Fleconia by Horowile ad It {Cambridge University Brest, New Yark, 2d 24. 19K) in an introductory elsceuricn conse, ‘The manna includes nee principal element: ‘+ ehorsnny exercises: 23 uf these, e2ch aaa 10 occupy a Four Ty peo: eh ‘St of laboratory notes except ue at includes peadingassignner cn the Text: + soplanatry aot: ome for each laburiony exereize ot cass; + vockod examples: arora o€ 2: uppreximucely one for euch reingwssgie texald.ion, we las inelnded sare teference materials: +a gtassay of equity terms and jargon: review notes fr each chapter noting the cust impartaneireuis and ropes 4+ selected dtu sheet, analog und uigi ‘he stents hs come gh ss ‘These nos araceant og onurse at Harvard they defi what we Uy 0 teach in that sy term, The coats does less daa all of Horo und [EI of course, We Weal chapters I-11 ‘emitting Chaplor , on Precision Circus... which is more specilied than the test and skiucning Clapir 4 on Aeive Fiters and Oscillators. ven this selection inludss zene faformatien dian we expec sudoais 1 absoeh Fully on arse pas tough he bout. This ‘Maul Vleet guide ston Wo he mest mora ater “Tho pyicatseaden: tht we seeifubee realy is typical students 99 aneceraduts ‘pajoring in Physic, and wanting to Jearn enough tletronies to Jl Nie or her da asc ‘woik ina laborory, But we do Mot assure sock buckground in these wots. Stusews ery Gen. Fons hat typiet studeat theve in oar course. Graduate stats ia the sclenes fpmeur regularly ducing Ie samen wo see. nary high Schoel todenss, aa sxe ul the Ee riiatly, now and then a profesar vf Physics lakes the cooese (and they do all zt Too!) tm the ‘oxansion” version ofthe course, we see Tul of PeogRaMMON. wha WAN: (6 now whats ging oa in chet echines, and we see people hu just happen ee eosias bout elcironics, That evtigsry, in fas, is the oaly prereyuisite far Cus course, and sigges'a the only good tule to detine wha will enjoy st. Someane looking for e2 ngowering coucse sil fed gut Ieatment o€alyinforeal, hat» person eager 0 leat Tow 1b design sefulercuits will ike this course Laberavors Exercvns “he laboratory exercises aL upon ase of labs thac were set out the 1981 edition of the Lubursumry Mand, by Uoruwitz afd Robieson, The now exercises replace all of the ‘original eligi labs and suastanUally eve Ihe aad abs on FETS and oscillators. Inthe digital setion we have voieehon over tm LSTTL tu TICMOS, but Ihe aa‘or ctange bas heen she enlarged cole siven to the micraprocesser Inés, and the shift from the Z80 procoseor programmed rather lunociously via 4 DIP swiseh to 4 GHOUR proceso: programmed through a keypad (A complete schematic is included, Soe Lab 15, Complete eeypnd wos ate avatable through the thors. See Pas 0 ‘We have held 49 our ingntin that studones shun bud tele computor fom the chip revel wal thit boy shold not be handed a ROM clever'y aregeamacd hy saweone eee PREFACE PR ‘ew aur suigems (> fos] Ghat they new Hele compare atin, und that its fly ther proce. “The digital Mut of the course now centers on the microcomputer we we simpler digital Sevices-—gates Hipfions. counters, meronny—purt» because we sant wy be abst build sual digital civeos, but alsa pay in onfer to understand the fll microcomourer circuit ‘To pu tis point aaoiher way, tho Fal eos of lab, 4 Which te siempre Eras takes Fores, draws together every one of tbe several cxcut ecenteats et earlier ‘combivacionallogie networks, Hip-lap circuits. counters, memory, and analvaigial conversion. ‘The A-D corersion exoenments have beea expanded "0 saclul the eF ects ot sumpling-rte a of Elen upped to agput aad output aves ‘Tue tote that introduse each lab espond tan neds that students often wise: ‘The noi select a fow poins fram the much broader covornge of the Txt: tase selected points ure, of coum, those that we ink scust importa toa siedext rmeedig qractical elocmrics far the fre time. +The notes zapiain st leah, They Uo this ta level mone basic than Me Tears atl they provide explanations ina step-by-szp sevle tha te Text canal alld, given inj need cower far cae seria A snagestion: hese to wie the noes Here's a proposal; you will, of womme, nl your umm woy tv une ex, Notes and all ihe other course materials But heres one way to bexia 4 Stan by reading the dry's assignment in the Text. Tew inetade some material tac is Suber than War we expect you Ce pick xp in a frst course, You ray want to lea seene polms restated In anolicr sy, of You MY Want To see 29 CNAEYS worked, Primed wih this specie son of ensosity, you might den, Louk ul the diy’s Notes aad Lats sau, fl, see which circus aad wick pots lected. Reud the Nutes on uo points that puzdled you; iC yew sill ace ‘puzzled, zeta tothe Text for w econ Tovk st the y's you new hap me 08 limporune + Skip copis in the Nowes thon you understand already, The Notes are mesne «9 you, 9710 bunden you with addidona read: Ifyou swe cead and undorcod the exe's disenssom af «tapi, you will miss nothing hy uming te cortespondire cerion in the Neves, Try the day's worked exomple. at leat in your heud 1 il luoks easy, you omy want in sip 30 looks hurd, prabably you should ty todo your wwe sulin IF you find sourself Reading into w lot of work especially any ineo.ved cxleuisdors—probubly yor ure duing unnecessary Inboe, and I thn fo pec ‘vr sold, We hope ce teach you an upprouch ko problems of cixuit desi, wo jst a set of parol: utes. If hore fs @-aorions way and a quick say to reuch a god dex, sve sunt push you Hnaly ewan he qu wa We expect that sore of those noms wit sike you at habyish, some as excessively der your rection astuily aces the uneven capevienes you have had with ho pies cae and Manaal eat, Some uf you ato sophisticated pengrammess, and il sail though the aassembly-langunge progncnraing nvr ic course's end} cthoes will Gd it heavy going. PR-3 PREFACE, ‘That's all right. The eoucse out of which ths Manual gos" ~and, carlos, che Text as swell tis 4 feputalion as fig, and wot ficult in one sence, but dlGcul i unr te ‘anceps eee sinighlor war, sbasaoions age few. But we do pass # lot of infernalion ‘owe stents in 2 shaze dans: we do expoct them fo achiews eaey rather Tas. This ceusse Iga Jo Tike ax imredctory langoage eaurse, and We hope 1 each y the seo sce salled anes, 18 the laboratory exescacs chat da do bes eaching, we ape Ihe Text ‘aud tis Misa wll top to ure those exeavses instructive. Why ov fgnees and text Took he ay tay de ‘You sil dscuver very quickly thut this manual ic infrmal in langouge und Iayou ‘The ‘gues al ate hand-deawa. They are done br band pury because we like tbe foak of hanl- ravi figures (when they are done sight; not al uur figures are pets), und parly bevanse ‘we wine m enconrage stulerts in da their en free-hand drating af schemas, same eaacs di drat drawings an a compte, than arcu the final versions hy hand! The tet was produced a8 camensendy copy, pl ln hy aa abiaty PC word processor, So —25 Smters used to wy, foog goer reader ook with ryeaputhy. if you ean, hen yeu find & tym, of a Hgare drivm ames. Don't Blame the publisher for corpomce slob. Piccare, instead, to fellows hocehed aver their keybound and drawing board, fate at nigh and hoginning io get drow Wan teed especialy with is hook ‘Two teaching fellome gave us god advice on uncountsd ovousions: Shaka Malid, ‘mathernetcal Physicist who tmight with far years in the Harvant Colloge onarse, ahd Steve Mors, «digital engincer whe once tnok the course and then rom th teach. Steve loft. ould linger Tae into the night he"ping tery out a now cirenit oe analyze ela oe. Bath of tress fo ould perfectly well hav taught the course, and chose nevertheless °5 Tingee—Beahisservatiee— giving Osir expen hep ia tals quicker way, [A gir of ur former stadens, Jeff Hohscn and Wei-Fing 7, help Fist hy rang figness ~R then gracuatly tunod ito “his book's godparents, Hoping a all sas of say ‘Often hey ssovld active inthe evening, atthe ead of u long dys wrk. and ten would Jnsar to belp wx orgenze, check, r-cheek-—and alsa t9 make jadgments or how to make ovr paints clea. Often he end of he woreday war deBined hy he daparre of the lst bos, at 1X0 inthe moraing, Their devotion othe pmjece 4s iahiahe, and thing Tinally, Debbie Mills deserves thanks for outing up with her Rashand Toma's strange, Jong haurs, aad then, toeard the end, doing Wich more: providing egsentizl help i fnginizing, checking and coreecting dhe rowing sacks of prinfout and rewings. om Lage Pal Soros Cuecbelge, Mass, Seb 1989 CHAPTER? Overview “The Fe His Hit chajuer, “Saurdions” deaclbes pales prety Wels he Tearr ech ques Mat wT! uacele iscucy thet Les srodzne presse resis. Chap Psezes ae h.aubler car whit you Wk soe ter an the as jeak!y mare tam:liar tn you “her, <4y, (Faneislors, qperstiqual ang liers—or fuczoprovessens; am's Law sil wise nse! yay, f= Ca Rk pisba’s sure at evs ‘raguely Ura Bet ths cuit cleueuss “ta this chapter mesrs—paue dncicas--apnear vos? 9a eh fa Inver aces ezeue, So, Pe stele hepaers “rei e da yea’ doing Lab 2. ve tell Sim he wil eve me men de Fy seta bo KC ezonk 8 Ee as! rope “Fin the css, HE do UL Et cere Sourvndersanding of RC ¢ routs ospeeil'y filers then ye will e haa 3p raid ihinkisg faa: West th owner af wey pao the oo Ressrars wall you no trouhle; dies will ses gimyte ere at es Uke view the: we veeway cordsclars, Capisieers and lidastess 2 un ony saat empacitors Yon are Iksly Ki su getoarinnckle wh We sho. also vesiote a word uf eamsurance oferty the Dolley by stleois sor oa atemye Us erates Petey athena] uaurcis tat began see. 18 C380 oF arging eases #9 spesse voage ard ease), aad even taller seuling the apcerte Muh Robs i ysis B jv tee} Sat yu must he spoetaear' és nse Ths fhe pave Une Hest al fuirse where the squeamish usally keg'n ta wonder I Coy orght te oaks: 1 Ste sleswerpaced teamnnat Ut the subj Do nev give ae his pon, mang <a sll yO. ae Secu Leuisoes at erst. "The mates tee] arguctans of LL ust 29. a ll sara oF ths Text ur of sis uesrse. To The enary, oe of ths most seking quis os Texts lus Cieerfal esasi af vomplesivy uhengvty 4 SEE Accouth Sal Cy OH We gH fesign. The czatment of Waser offs 4 wud axa atl ys gt ro iy he nurse lone enon to sec “ha Ihe Usdsnus chapter is Hicuk, bux wert erplee tha moe other asatrions ofthe Subject. oe wil begin est mse ania e516 jr Fess day with Ue suai 929, ker o'er sy Ye Ws also in Ue fess Curse labe tice you will get esod fo che len Teel ganonss—eng eapocially wp fae rx xpunans wf thee, 20 asalnseope. I is 2 compl x anecises sly price wid tnach you tose we. Do netseake the wontons asia sf fh 95 Person nes! (a ys oho is suming “snobs xo eons, zpping airless tat slp trigger level—all or tbe Erst cay of the eourse--is sana str you aM, Nix Al beset fay doze :t before, Ia avo weeks, sou lwo Wil Se waking she acupe ds ve bideing-—negunr gtr You doe'L Have le srork ia Sal geste. sexta vit ne nl fia ihe began ‘Tr images au ‘he scope sesee. made sent and snvisiaie evens isle, hough ange sacle a well: hese seope traces will become your moaal images ab sat heppens rcxitsy, Tho supe wil serve a atime miowseopr: Ihe wil fs sca Soo even alt nical of man secon: ‘oft Tighe ake 1 gut From yn hs pss tg brake was éneen the lab Reach, ¥en ny eve Gd yo sel raw envaivaaly Ge aeapes 7 Ch. b: Overview ‘on the Seren: fooling ood when you see a smouth tundsoxce sive weve Uistuced her: Ipoe see the peaks af die ine clipped, or its shape scoped; unaoyed shea fuce pws on our waveforms, ‘Antsipailng some of thee experiexces, aid to get you inthe moud 10 enjoy the vening weeks ia WhIsh sil overs wi paine ther selfpormuts on your sezea. we offer you U ‘iew of some soape aces Wat never quits occured, and ther qeverttsess soem ESC abou: Tye just wht w seupe wate show I coud. This dreeing hes osc powcd or a= oF ear rors Zoe sears now, aid states wb happen by peuse, oer, bese cvicenty woreing 4 bite pots mel Frame arwund ties? DoL-qute-possnle pie avs; someUz9s ey ase those ave sonoe aezes. They are vt, ofcourse: tle leap beyond wht ¢seep2 can show Was the amist's: Sail Steinberg’, Czusiousy, be kas aoted usta show Les denwng #020, age you ergy it Peraups ie will Eelp you to luk va your less exis Seope displays With a “THe ofthe respect ara wonder wilt Walch we have to louis We 24203 below