Table Of Content

FOURTH EDITION THE ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE, SYSTEM SOFTWARE, AND NETWORKING AN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPROACH Irv Englander BentleyUniversity John Wiley & Sons, Inc. VicePresident&ExecutivePublisher DonFowley ExecutiveEditor BethLangGolub MarketingManager ChristopherRuel MarketingAssistant DianaSmith DesignDirector HarryNolan SeniorDesigner KevinMurphy SeniorProductionEditor PatriciaMcFadden SeniorMediaEditor LaurenSapira EditorialAssistant MikeBerlin ProductionManagementServices KateBoilard,LaserwordsMaine Thisbookwassetin10/12MinionbyLaserwordsIndiaandprintedandboundbyCourier/Westford.Thecover wasprintedbyCourier/Westford. Thebookisprintedonacidfreepaper. Copyright2009JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStates CopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpayment oftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA 01923,websitewww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothe PermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,(201)748-6011, fax(201)748-6008,websitehttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Toorderbooksorforcustomerserviceplease,call1-800-CALLWILEY(225-5945). ISBN-13: 978-0471-71542-9 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Tofouroutstandingteachersandgreathumanbeings: Withyourguidance,inspiration,andpatience,youshowedme thateverythingispossible. Dr.SidneyH.Englander(1900–1980) andMildredK.Englander(1906–2008), inmemoriammyfatherandmother AlbertL.Daugherty,inmemoriam teacherofScienceinClevelandHeights,Ohio from1927to1970 EdithB.Malin,inmemoriam teacherofEnglishinClevelandHeights,Ohio from1924to1958 B R I E F C O N T E N T S PART ONE ANOVERVIEWOFCOMPUTERSYSTEMS 2 ■ CHAPTER1 ComputersandSystems 4 ■ CHAPTER2 AnIntroductiontoSystemConceptsandSystems Architecture 38 PART TWO DATAINTHECOMPUTER 66 ■ CHAPTER3 NumberSystems 68 ■ CHAPTER4 DataFormats 96 ■ CHAPTER5 RepresentingNumericalData 136 PART THREE COMPUTERARCHITECTURE ANDHARDWAREOPERATION 178 ■ CHAPTER6 TheLittleManComputer 180 ■ CHAPTER7 TheCPUandMemory 198 ■ CHAPTER8 CPUandMemory:Design,Enhancement, andImplementation 240 ■ CHAPTER9 Input/Output 276 iv BRIEFCONTENTS v ■ CHAPTER10 ComputerPeripherals 306 ■ CHAPTER11 ModernComputerSystems 342 PART FOUR NETWORKSANDDATACOMMUNICATIONS 368 ■ CHAPTER12 NetworksandDataCommunications 370 ■ CHAPTER13 EthernetandTCP/IPNetworking 422 ■ CHAPTER14 CommunicationChannelTechnology 446 PART FIVE THESOFTWARECOMPONENT 476 ■ CHAPTER15 OperatingSystems:AnOverview 478 ■ CHAPTER16 TheUserViewofOperatingSystems 514 ■ CHAPTER17 FileManagement 548 ■ CHAPTER18 TheInternalOperatingSystem 592 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS Onthe Webatwww.wiley.com/college/englander ■ SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER1 AnIntroductiontoDigital ComputerLogic ■ SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER2 SystemExamples ■ SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER3 InstructionAddressing Modes ■ SUPPLEMENTARYCHAPTER4 ProgrammingTools C O N T E N T S Preface xix AbouttheAuthor xxv PART ONE ANOVERVIEWOFCOMPUTERSYSTEMS 2 ■ CHAPTER1 ComputersandSystems 4 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 TheStartingPoint 9 1.2 ComponentsoftheComputerSystem 12 TheHardwareComponent 13 TheSoftwareComponent 16 TheCommunicationComponent 18 TheComputerSystem 18 1.3 TheConceptofVirtualization 20 1.4 ProtocolsandStandards 20 1.5 OverviewofThisBook 22 1.6 ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer 23 EarlyWork 24 ComputerHardware 25 OperatingSystems 28 Communication,Networks,andtheInternet 33 SummaryandReview 34 ForFurtherReading 34 KeyConceptsandTerms 35 ReadingReviewQuestions 35 Exercises 36 ■ CHAPTER2 AnIntroductiontoSystemConceptsandSystems Architecture 38 2.0 Introduction 39 2.1 TheGeneralConceptofSystems 40 2.2 ITSystemArchitectures 48 DistributedProcessingSystems 49 vi CONTENTS vii TheRoleoftheSystemArchitect 57 Google:ASystemArchitectureExample 58 SummaryandReview 62 ForFurtherReading 63 KeyConceptsandTerms 63 ReadingReviewQuestions 63 Exercises 64 PART TWO DATAINTHECOMPUTER 66 ■ CHAPTER3 NumberSystems 68 3.0 Introduction 69 3.1 NumbersasaPhysicalRepresentation 70 3.2 CountinginDifferentBases 70 3.3 PerformingArithmeticinDifferentNumberBases 74 3.4 NumericConversionbetweenNumberBases 77 AnAlternativeConversionMethod 79 3.5 HexadecimalNumbersandArithmetic 81 3.6 ASpecialConversionCase—NumberBasesthatare Related 81 3.7 Fractions 83 FractionalConversionMethods 86 3.8 MixedNumberConversions 89 SummaryandReview 89 ForFurtherReading 90 KeyConceptsandTerms 90 ReadingReviewQuestions 90 Exercises 91 ■ CHAPTER4 DataFormats 96 4.0 Introduction 97 4.1 GeneralConsiderations 97 4.2 AlphanumericCharacterData 100 KeyboardInput 106 AlternativeSourcesofAlphanumericInput 107 4.3 ImageData 109 BitmapImages 110 ObjectImages 114 RepresentingCharactersasImages 117 VideoImages 117 ImageandVideoInput 118 4.4 AudioData 119 4.5 DataCompression 123 viii CONTENTS 4.6 PageDescriptionLanguages 124 4.7 InternalComputerDataFormat 125 NumericalCharactertoIntegerConversion 127 SummaryandReview 128 ForFurtherReading 129 KeyConceptsandTerms 130 ReadingReviewQuestions 130 Exercises 131 ■ CHAPTER5 RepresentingNumericalData 136 5.0 Introduction 137 5.1 UnsignedBinaryandBinary-CodedDecimal Representations 138 5.2 RepresentationsforSignedIntegers 141 Sign-and-magnitudeRepresentation 142 Nine’sDecimaland1’sBinaryComplementary Representations 143 Ten’sComplementand2’sComplement 150 OverﬂowandCarryConditions 153 OtherBases 153 SummaryofRulesforComplementaryNumbers 154 5.3 RealNumbers 155 AReviewofExponentialNotation 155 FloatingPointFormat 157 NormalizationandFormattingofFloatingPointNumbers 159 AProgrammingExample 162 FloatingPointCalculations 163 FloatingPointintheComputer 165 ConversionbetweenBase10andBase2 167 5.4 ProgrammingConsiderations 168 SummaryandReview 169 ForFurtherReading 170 KeyConceptsandTerms 171 ReadingReviewQuestions 171 Exercises 172 PART THREE COMPUTERARCHITECTUREANDHARDWARE OPERATION 178 ■ CHAPTER6 TheLittleManComputer 180 6.0 Introduction 181 6.1 LayoutoftheLittleManComputer 181