The APhA Complete Review for the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination® 2 Notices The authors, editors, and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information presented in this book. However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot be held responsible for the continued currency of the information, any inadvertent errors or omissions, or the application of this information. Therefore, the authors, editors, and publisher shall have no liability to any person or entity with regard to claims, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly, by the use of information contained herein. The inclusion in this book of any product in respect to which patent or trademark rights may exist shall not be deemed, and is not intended as, a grant of or authority to exercise any right or privilege protected by such patent or trademark. All such rights or trademarks are vested in the patent or trademark owner, and no other person may exercise the same without express permission, authority, or license secured from such patent or trademark owner. The inclusion of a brand name does not mean the authors, the editors, or the publisher has any particular knowledge that the brand listed has properties different from other brands of the same product, nor should its inclusion be interpreted as an endorsement by the authors, the editors, or the publisher. Similarly, the fact that a particular brand has not been included does not indicate the product has been judged to be in any way unsatisfactory or unacceptable. Further, no official support or endorsement of this book by any federal or state agency or pharmaceutical company is intended or inferred. FPGEE® is a trademark of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy® (NABP®), and NABP® in no way endorses, authorizes, or sponsors this guide. 3 The APhA Complete Review for the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Examination® Dick R. Gourley, PharmD, FAPhA Editor-in-Chief Dean and Professor University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee 4 Acquiring Editor: Sandra J. Cannon Managing Editors: Mary-Ann Moalli and Linda Stringer, Publications Professionals LLC Copyeditors: Laura Glassman and Linda Stringer, Publications Professionals LLC Proofreaders: Rachel Gregory and Kathy Kelly, Publications Professionals LLC Composition: Circle Graphics Cover Design: Richard Muringer, APhA Creative Services ©2010 by the American Pharmacists Association Published by the American Pharmacists Association 2215 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20037-2985 www.pharmacist.com www.pharmacylibrary.com All rights reserved APhA was founded in 1852 as the American Pharmaceutical Association. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. To comment on this book via e-mail, send your message to the publisher at [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The APhA complete review for the FPGEE / Dick R. Gourley, editor-in-chief. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58212-143-7 1. Pharmacy—Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Medical personnel, Foreign—United States—Examinations—Study guides. I. Gourley, D. R. (Dick R.), 1944- II. American Pharmacists Association. [DNLM: 1. Pharmacy—Examination Questions. 2. Foreign Professional Personnel—Examination Questions. 3. Pharmaceutical Preparations—Examination Questions. QW 18.2] RS97.A64 2010 615'.1076—dc22 2010030940 How to Order This Book Online: www.pharmacist.com/shop_apha By phone: 800-878-0729 (770-280-0085 from outside the United States) VISA®, MasterCard®, and American Express® cards accepted 5 Contents Preface Contributors Introduction to the FPGEE and Study Tips SECTION ONE Basic Biomedical Sciences EDITOR: Michael C. Storm Anatomy and Physiology 1 Eldridge F. Johnson, PhD Pathology and Pathophysiology 2 Joseph Presley, PharmD Microbiology 3 Bradley A. Boucher, PharmD, FCCP, FCCM Immunology 4 Katherine S. Barker, PhD Biochemistry 5 Michael C. Storm, PhD 6 Molecular Biology and Genetics 6 Vicki M. Park, PhD Biostatistics 7 Junling Wang, PhD, MS SECTION TWO Pharmaceutical Sciences EDITOR: Bernd Meibohm Medicinal Chemistry 8 Isaac O. Donkor, PhD Pharmacology 9 Bernd Meibohm, PhD, FCP Pharmacognosy: Complementary and Alternative 10 Treatments Emily B. Hak, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS Lawrence J. Hak, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS Toxicology 11 Peter A. Chyka, PharmD, FAACT, DABAT Bioanalysis 12 Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni, PhD Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 13 Himanshu Bhattacharjee, PhD George C. Wood, PhD 7 Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics 14 Charles R. Yates, PharmD, PhD Pharmacogenetics 15 Terreia S. Jones, PharmD Extemporaneous Compounding and Parenteral and 16 Enteral Products Hassan Almoazen, PhD SECTION THREE Social, Behavioral, and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences EDITOR: Lawrence M. Brown Health Care Delivery Systems 17 David K. Solomon, PharmD, FASHP Cary G. Duncan Jr., PharmD Jodi Leke Taylor, PharmD Economics and Pharmacoeconomics 18 Lawrence M. Brown, PharmD, PhD Pharmacoepidemiology 19 Song Hee Hong, PhD Federal Pharmacy Law 20 Walter L. Fitzgerald Jr., BPharm, MS, JD Origin and Evolution of Pharmacy as a Separate 21 Profession Greta K. Gourley, PharmD, PhD L. Michael Posey, BPharm 8 Ethics 22 Max D. Ray, PharmD, MS, LHD Professional Communications 23 Jeremy Thomas, PharmD, CDE Social and Behavioral Aspects of Practice 24 Crescent Rowell, PharmD La’Marcus Wingate, PharmD SECTION FOUR Clinical Sciences EDITOR: Terreia S. Jones Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacist-Provided Care 25 Carli C. Nesheiwat, PharmD, BCOP Medication Dispensing and Distribution Systems 26 Brandon M. Edgerson, PharmD, MS Practice Guidelines and Clinical Trials 27 Joseph M. Swanson, PharmD, BCPS Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 28 Amanda Howard-Thompson, PharmD, BCPS Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care 29 Alexander B. Guirguis, PharmD, BCPS Pharmacist-Provided Care for Special Populations 9 Chasity M. Shelton, PharmD, BCPS, BCNSP 30 Drug Information 31 Anne M. Hurley, PharmD Medication Safety 32 Kim Currie Mason, PharmD Clinical Trial Design 33 Trevor McKibbin, PharmD, MS, BCPS Patient Assessment Laboratory 34 Sahar Rashed, PharmD, PhD Appendixes Katie J. Suda, PharmD, MS Anne M. Hurley, PharmD Normal Laboratory Values A Drugs in Renal Failure B Drugs in Hepatic Failure C Top 200 Prescription Drugs D Top 200 Over-the-Counter Products E Drugs Excreted in Breast Milk F Drugs That May Cause Photosensitivity G 10