Textbook of Gastroenterology, 2 Volume Set in one file, 5th ed PDF
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9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page i Textbook of Gastroenterology Textbook of Gastroenterology, Fifth Edition Edited by Tadataka Yamada © 2009 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-405-16911-0 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page ii Companion CD-ROM A companion CD-ROM is included on the inside front cover of Volume 1. The CD contains: • All chapters from both volumes of this book • A full-text search feature • A print function The CD is suitable for both PC and Mac. 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page iii Textbook of Gastroenterology EDITED BY Tadataka Yamada, MD President, Global Health Program Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, Washington; Adjunct Professor Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA ASSOCIATE EDITORS David H. Alpers, MD William B. Kountz Professor of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, Missouri, USA Anthony N. Kalloo, MD Professor of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland, USA Neil Kaplowitz, MD Thomas H. Brem Chair, Professor of Medicine, Chief Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Director, Liver Disease Research Center Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles, California, USA Chung Owyang, MD Professor of Internal Medicine H. Marvin Pollard Collegiate Professor and Chief Division of Gastroenterology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Don W. Powell, MD The Bassel and Frances Blanton Distinguished Professor of Internal Medicine Professor, Neuroscience and Cell Biology Program Director, General Clinical Research Center Director, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas, USA Fifth Edition A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 9/18/08 10:40 AM Page iv This edition first published 2009, © 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Textbook of gastroenterology / edited by Tadataka Yamada ; associate editors, David H. Alpers... [et al.]. — 5th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0 1. Gastroenterology. 2. Gastrointestinal system—Diseases. I. Yamada, Tadataka. [DNLM: 1. Gastrointestinal Diseases. WI 140 T3551 2009] RC801.T496 2009 616.3’3—dc22 2008015531 ISBN: 978-1-4051-6911-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9/12pt Meridien/Frutiger by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd 1 2009 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page v Contents Contributors, x 11 Motility of the small intestine and colon, 231 Preface, xxi William L. Hasler 12 Motility of the biliary tract, 264 Gary M. Mawe, Peter L. Moses, Gino T.P. Saccone, Maria J. VOLUME 1 Pozo Part 1 Basic mechanisms of normal and C Secretion and absorption abnormal gastrointestinal function 13 Gastric secretion, 284 A Components John Del Valle, Andrea Todisco 1 Integrative responses of the gastrointestinal tract and 14 Electrolyte secretion and absorption: small intestine liver to a meal, 3 and colon, 330 Stephen J. Pandol, Helen E. Raybould, Hal F. Yee Jr Stephen J. Keely, Marshall H. Montrose, Kim E. Barrett 2 The enteric nervous system and its extrinsic 15 Pancreatic secretion, 368 connections, 15 Chung Owyang, John A. Williams John B. Furness, Trung V. Nguyen, Kulmira Nurgali, Yasutake Shimizu 16 Bile secretion and cholestasis, 401 Steven A. Weinman, Sajid Jalil 3 Sensory neurons of the gastrointestinal tract, 40 John B. Furness D Nutrition 4 Gastrointestinal hormones and receptors, 56 17 Carbohydrate assimilation, 429 Laurence J. Miller Eric Sibley 5 The brain–gut axis, 86 Graham J. Dockray 18 Intestinal lipid absorption, 445 William Sun, Chun-Min Lo, Patrick Tso 6 Smooth muscle of the gut, 103 Gabriel M. Makhlouf, Karnam S. Murthy 19 Protein digestion and assimilation, 464 Vadivel Ganapathy, Malliga E. Ganapathy, Frederick H. 7 The mucosal immune system and gastrointestinal Leibach inflammation, 133 Fabio Cominelli, Kristen O. Arseneau, Richard S. Blumberg, 20 Vitamins and minerals, 478 William F. Stenson, Theresa T. Pizarro Charles H. Halsted, Mark A. Levine, Bo L. Lönnerdal, Robert B. Rucker 8 Epithelia: biological principles of organization, 169 Jerrold R. Turner, James L. Madara 21 General nutritional principles, 508 David H. Alpers, Beth Taylor, Samuel Klein B Motility E Miscellaneous 9 Esophageal motor function, 187 Peter J. Kahrilas, John E. Pandolfino 22 Gastrointestinal blood flow, 540 Philip T. Nowicki, D. Neil Granger 10 The physiology of gastric motility and gastric emptying, 207 23 Development of the gastrointestinal system, 567 William L. Hasler Ben Z. Stanger, Daniel K. Podolsky v 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page vi Contents 24 Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract, 603 40 Peptic ulcer disease, 936 Barbara H. Jung, C. Richard Boland, John M. Carethers Andrew H. Soll, David Y. Graham 25 The human intestinal microbiota and microbiome, 635 41 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, 982 Ruth E. Ley, Jeffrey I. Gordon John Del Valle 26 Drug metabolism and transport in the liver and 42 Gastritis and gastropathy, 1005 intestine, 645 Mary Kay Washington, Richard M. Peek Jr Paul B. Watkins 43 Tumors of the stomach, 1026 27 Pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, 658 Wai K. Leung, Enders K.W. Ng, Joseph J.Y. Sung Ramón Bataller, David A. Brenner 44 Surgery for peptic ulcer disease and postgastrectomy 28 Hepatic regeneration, 680 syndromes, 1054 George K. Michalopoulos, Marie C. DeFrances Robert E. Glasgow, Sean J. Mulvihill 29 Molecular biological approaches to the diagnosis and 45 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach, 1071 treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, 703 John C. Rabine, Timothy T. Nostrant David A. Brenner, Robert Schwabe, Christoph Oesterreicher C Small intestine 46 Small intestine: anatomy and structural Part 2 Gastrointestinal diseases anomalies, 1085 A Esophagus Deborah C. Rubin 30 Esophagus: anatomy and developmental and structural 47 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon, 1108 anomalies, 719 Michael Camilleri, Lawrence Szarka Ikuo Hirano 48 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, 31 Motility disorders of the esophagus, 740 gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections, 1157 Peter J. Kahrilas, John E. Pandolfino Phillip I. Tarr, Dorsey M. Bass, Gail A. Hecht 32 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 772 49 Chronic infections of the small intestine, 1225 Joel E. Richter George T. Fantry, Lori E. Fantry, Stephen P. James 33 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 802 50 Celiac disease, 1245 Marc E. Rothenberg, Glenn T. Furuta Peter H.R. Green, Anne R. Lee 34 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with 51 Disorders of epithelial transport in the small acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 813 intestine, 1259 C. Mel Wilcox Martín G. Martín, Ernest M. Wright 35 Barrett esophagus and esophageal 52 Bacterial overgrowth, 1284 adenocarcinoma, 826 Philip M. Sherman, Karen L. Madsen Stuart Jon Spechler, Rhonda F. Souza 53 Short bowel syndrome, 1295 36 Esophageal neoplasms, 849 Richard N. Fedorak, Lana Bistritz Weijing Sun, Anil K. Rustgi 54 Tumors of the small intestine, 1322 37 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus: foreign Robert S. Bresalier, Sharmila Anandasabapathy bodies, physical injury, and systemic and dermatological diseases, 871 55 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine, 1343 Evan S. Dellon, Nicholas J. Shaheen Marc S. Levin, C. Prakash Gyawali B Stomach D Colon (for colonic infections see Chapter 48) 38 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural 56 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies, 1369 anomalies, 889 Steven M. Cohn, Elisa H. Birnbaum, Charles M. Friel Jean-Pierre Raufman, Eric Goldberg 57 Inflammatory bowel disease, 1386 39 Disorders of gastric emptying, 903 William F. Stenson, Stephen B. Hanauer, Russell D. Henry P. Parkman, Frank K. Friedenberg, Robert S. Fisher Cohen vi 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/29/08 6:52 PM Page vii Contents 58 Surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, 1473 76 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract, 2009 Emily Finlayson, Fabrizio Michelassi Jung W. Suh, Albert J. Chang, Shelly C. Lu 59 Miscellaneous inflammatory and structural disorders of 77 Tumors of the biliary tract, 2022 the colon, 1507 Christopher J. Smolock, Jeffrey A. Drebin Meredythe A. McNally, Thomas C. Smyrk, William J. Tremaine 78 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (postcholecystectomy 60 Irritable bowel syndrome, 1536 syndrome), 2043 Chung Owyang John O. Clarke, Anthony N. Kalloo 61 Diverticular disease of the colon, 1574 Tonia M. Young-Fadok, Michael G. Sarr G Liver 62 Colorectal cancer screening, 1598 79 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell Graeme P. Young, James E. Allison types, 2057 Gary C. Kanel 63 Neoplastic and nonneoplastic polyps of the colon and rectum, 1611 80 Acute viral hepatitis, 2073 Finlay A. Macrae, Graeme P. Young Marc G. Ghany, T. Jake Liang 64 Polyposis syndromes, 1640 81 Chronic hepatitis B viral infection, 2112 Randall W. Burt, Russell F. Jacoby Robert G. Gish, Stephen Locarnini 65 Malignant tumors of the colon, 1669 82 Hepatitis C virus infection, 2139 Francis M. Giardiello, Stanley R. Hamilton Aijaz Ahmed, Emmet B. Keeffe 66 Anorectal diseases, 1717 83 Drug-induced liver disease, 2167 Adil E. Bharucha, Arnold Wald William M. Lee, Emmanuel Seremba Index 84 Autoimmune hepatitis, 2184 E. Jenny Heathcote VOLUME 2 85 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 2193 Marlyn J. Mayo, Dwain L. Thiele E Pancreas 86 Hemochromatosis, 2211 67 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies, 1745 Jacob Alexander, Kris V. Kowdley David G. Heidt, Michael W. Mulholland, Diane M. Simeone 87 Metabolic diseases of the liver, 2223 68 Acute pancreatitis, 1761 Ronald J. Sokol Mark Topazian, Stephen J. Pandol 88 Alcoholic liver diseases, 2247 69 Chronic pancreatitis, 1811 Suthat Liangpunsakul, David W. Crabb Chung Owyang, Matthew J. DiMagno 70 Nonendocrine tumors of the pancreas, 1853 89 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 2274 James J. Farrell, Howard A. Reber Arun J. Sanyal 71 Endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas, 1875 90 Ascites and its complications, 2302 Robert T. Jensen Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao 72 Hereditary diseases of the pancreas, 1921 91 Central nervous system and pulmonary complications Jonathan A. Cohn of end-stage liver disease, 2327 Javier Vaquero, Andres T. Blei, Roger F. Butterworth F Gallbladder and biliary tract 92 Liver transplantation, 2352 73 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural Francis Y.K. Yao, Sandy Feng, Nathan M. Bass anomalies, 1940 Theodore H. Welling, Diane M. Simeone 93 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 2386 Lewis R. Roberts, Gregory J. Gores 74 Gallstones, 1952 Cynthia W. Ko, Sum P. Lee 94 Liver abscess, 2412 David S. Raiford 75 Primary sclerosing cholangitis and other cholangiopathies, 1978 95 Vascular diseases of the liver, 2418 Kymberly D.S. Watt, Jayant A. Talwalkar, Russell H. Wiesner Laurie D. DeLeve vii 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/30/08 11:33 AM Page viii Contents 96 Experimental therapies: hepatocyte transplantation, 112 Gastrointestinal vascular malformations or neoplasms: gene therapy, and liver assist devices, 2432 arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary, 2785 Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury, Namita Roy-Chowdhury, Simon P. Mitchell S. Cappell Horslen, Ira J. Fox 113 Intestinal ischemia, 2811 97 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis, 2449 Julián Panés, Josep M. Piqué Sugantha Govindarajan, Maurizio Bonacini 114 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract, 2831 Steven M. Cohn, Stephen J. Bickston H Abdominal cavity 115 Complementary and alternative medicine in 98 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and gastroenterology, 2844 hernias, 2480 Craig J. McClain, Gerald W. Dryden, Kristine Krueger Sareh Parangi, Richard A. Hodin 99 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulae, 2494 Part 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities Paul Knechtges, Ellen M. Zimmermann in gastroenterology 100 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, A Endoscopic mesentery, and omentum, 2505 Shawn D. Larson, B. Mark Evers 116 Reprocessing of gastrointestinal endoscopes and accessories, 2863 I Miscellaneous Gregory Zuccaro Jr 101 Nutritional supplementation, 2525 117 Sedation and monitoring for gastrointestinal David H. Alpers, Beth Taylor, Samuel Klein endoscopy, 2875 Hala Fatima, Douglas K. Rex 102 Obesity, 2561 Louis A. Chaptini, Steven R. Peikin 118 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2888 William R. Brugge 103 Eating disorders, 2574 119 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy, 2903 Henry C. Lin, Eric E. Stone C. Paul Swain 104 Complications of AIDS and other immunodeficiency 120 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy, 2917 states, 2588 Jerome D. Waye, Christopher B. Williams, Sharmila Phillip D. Smith, Edward N. Janoff Anandasabapathy 105 Gastrointestinal manifestations of immunological 121 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, disorders, 2612 endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone removal, and Fergus Shanahan endoscopic biliary and pancreatic drainage, 2933 106 Parasitic diseases: protozoa, 2632 Tony E. Yusuf, Daniel K. Mullady, David L. Carr-Locke Ellen Li, Samuel L. Stanley Jr 122 Gastrointestinal dilation and stent placement, 2958 107 Parasitic diseases: helminths, 2651 James D. Lord, Richard A. Kozarek Carlos Seas, Martin Montes, A. Clinton White Jr 123 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, 2974 Brian J. Dunkin, Jeffrey L. Ponsky 108 Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of specific genetic disorders, 2672 124 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage Elizabeth M. Petty related to portal hypertension, 2987 Paul J. Thuluvath 109 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases, 2711 125 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal Joel S. Levine upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 3018 David J. Bjorkman 110 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases, 2755 126 Endoscopic therapy for polyps and tumors, 3032 Matilde Iorizzo, Joseph L. Jorizzo Sergey V. Kantsevoy 111 Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, 2774 127 Laparoscopy and laparotomy, 3049 John C. Rabine, Timothy T. Nostrant Wenliang Chen, David W. Rattner viii 9781405169110_1_pre_vol1.qxd 8/30/08 11:33 AM Page ix Contents B Imaging 135 Angiography, 3246 Kyung J. Cho 128 Plain and contrast radiology, 3061 Marc S. Levine, Stephen E. Rubesin, Hans Herlinger, 136 Interventional radiology, 3269 Igor Laufer Kyung J. Cho 129 Diagnostic sonography, 3083 C Pathology Philip W. Ralls, R. Brooke Jeffrey Jr, Robert A. Kane, Michelle L. Robbin 137 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy: histopathological interpretation, 3299 130 Endoscopic ultrasonography, 3113 Elizabeth Montgomery, Anthony N. Kalloo Sanjay B. Jagannath, Marcia I. Canto 131 Applications of computed tomography to the D Gastrointestinal function studies gastrointestinal tract, 3140 138 Evaluation of gastrointestinal motility: emerging Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, Elliot K. Fishman, technologies, 3393 Alec J. Megibow John W. Wiley, Chung Owyang 132 Magnetic resonance imaging, 3173 139 Tests of gastric and exocrine pancreatic function and Diane Bergin, Donald G. Mitchell absorption, 3414 133 Positron emission tomography, 3212 William D. Chey, Matthew J. DiMagno, William Y. Chey Uri Ladabaum, Satoshi Minoshima 140 Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery 134 Applications of radionuclide imaging in (NOTES), 3431 gastroenterology, 3226 Samuel A. Giday, Anthony N. Kalloo Harvey A. Ziessman Index A companion CD-ROM with a searchable version of the full text is included in the inside front cover of Volume 1. ix
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