Testing and evaluation of advanced building materials : selected, peer reviewed papers from the first national academic symposium on testing and evaluation of building materials (TEBM 2012), June 22-24, 2012, Shanghai, China

289 Pages·2013·34.5 MB·English

by  Wu Yao

Testing and Evaluation
of Advanced
Building Materials
Edited by
Wu Yao
Testing and Evaluation of
Advanced Building Materials
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the
First National Academic Symposium on
Testing and Evaluation of Building Materials
(TEBM 2012),
June 22-24, 2012, Shanghai, China
Edited by
Wu Yao
Copyright  2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

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Volume 539 of
Key Engineering Materials
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Preface

The First National Academic Symposium on Testing and Evaluation of Building Materials
(TEBM 2012) was held from June 22 to 24, 2012 in Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
The main aim of this symposium is to provide a platform for academics, industrialists and
students from various regions of China to exchange ideas and the state-of-the-art development
in the field of building materials and testing techniques. This symposium is also intended to
foster a network and future collaborations between materials scientists, testing technologists
and instrument manufactories, and has been proved to be successful.
In this symposium, all papers were received from electronic submission system, which
were peer reviewed. Finally, 53 papers were accepted for publication. The contents of papers
include the microscopic theoretical model of the building materials, the characterization of the
compositions and structures, performance testing and evaluation. These papers largely reflect
the researching hotspots and the latest advances in the testing and evaluation theory and
technology of building materials in China.
The efforts of the participants of all manuscripts are greatly appreciated. The help and
advice of Prof. Jianghong Gong of Tsinghua University are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks
are also extended to the Trans Tech Publications Ltd for their publishing proceedings of
TEBM 2012 in the periodical “Key Engineering Materials”.

Prof. Wu Yao

Tongji University, China
Chairman, First National Symposium on
Testing and Evaluation of Building Materials
June, 2012
Table of Contents
Preface
29Si NMR Characterization of Silica Tetrahedron in the Silica Fume Simulate Hydration
X.J. Wang, X.Y. Wang, H.F. Zhu and C. Qian 1
Investigation of Early Cement Paste with 1H Low-Field NMR
Z.P. Sun, Q. Li, Y. Yu and P.Q. Yang 5
The Application of Freezing-Melting Hysteresis in Hardened White Cement Paste
Z.P. Wang, T. Wang and L. Zhou 10
An Experimental Study of Water in Pore System of Hardened Cement Paste by Magnetic
Resonance
A.M. She, W. Yao and W.C. Yuan 14
Quantitative Characterization of Hydration of Cement Pastes by Rietveld Phase Analysis
and Thermoanalysis
Y.Q. Wei and W. Yao 19
Kinetic Study of Portland Cement Hydration with Ground Penetrating Radar
W. Chen, P.L. Shen, J.X. Lu and W.R. Zhang 25
Study on the Hydration Kinetics of Portland Cement
W. Wang, W. Yao and Y.Q. Wei 30
Relationship between Internal Relative Humidity and Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement
Paste with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)
Y. Li and Q.Q. Yan 35
A Testing Device for Humidity-Control Performance of Pervious Concrete
J.L. Wu, X. Wu and X.F. Lv 40
An Evaluation of Shrinkage Model Based upon Microstructure of Blended Cement Pastes
Y. Chen, W. Yao and D. Jin 44
Early-Age Free Shrinkage of Mortars with Different Dosages of EVA Redispersible Powder
S.F. Liu and P.M. Wang 49
Shrinkage of Blended Cement Pastes with Mineral Additions
Y. Chen, W. Yao and D. Jin 55
Relative Humidity of Blended Cement Pastes in Sealed during Hydration
D. Jin, W. Yao and Y. Chen 60
Effect of Hollow Glass Microsphere on Performance of Foam Concrete
Q. Wang, L.G. Qiu, Q. Yao, Z.Y. Ding and X.F. Yan 64
Effects of Rubber Powder and Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of Recycled Mortars
Y.F. Meng, Y.Q. Wei, D.Z. Wang and K. Gao 70
Micromechanical Properties of Calcium Silicate Hydrate
W. Yao and L. He 75
Probing Nanostructure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate by AFM and Nanoindentation
K. Liang, W. Yao, L.J. Chen and Q. Gao 80
Study on the Unhydrated Cement Grain/C-S-H Gel Interface in Cement Paste by Use of
Nano-Scratch Technique
Y. Mao, W. Yao and J. Xu 84
Temperature Sensitive Properties of Hybrid Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Cement-
Based Materials
J.J. Qin, W. Yao and J.Q. Zuo 89
Research on Optimizing the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Cement
J. Xu and W. Yao 94
Mechanical Property of Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Cement-Based Composites
H.T. Tan, W. Yao, X.M. Song and S. Dong 99
Enhancing the Thermoelectric Properties in Carbon Fiber/Cement Composites by Using
Steel Slag
J.Q. Zuo, W. Yao and J.J. Qin 103
Seismic Behaviour of RC Columns Strengthened with Steel Bar/Wire Mesh Mortar
Y.H. Sun, X.Y. Wu and G.J. Xiong 108
b Testing and Evaluation of Advanced Building Materials
Carbonation Profile of Cement Paste and Concrete Established with Micro-Hardness
Analysis
W. Chen, X.X. Chen and S.Z. Zhang 115
Effect of Activated Water Treatment Sludge on Carbonation of Mortar
Y. Chen 120
Effect of Fly Ash on Resistance to Sulfate Attack of Cement-Based Materials
K.W. Liu, M. Deng and L.W. Mo 124
Study of Durability Analysis and Evaluation Model for Existing Concrete Structure in
Coastal Areas
H.Y. Yu and H. Zhang 130
The Effect of Fly Ash on TSA of Cementitous Material: Based on Three Years Results
B.W. Liu, C.H. Yang, X.B. Xiang, L.W. Yu and J. Zhang 139
Study of Mechanical Force on Coal Gangue Reactivity
C.S. Zhang, X.F. Liu, Q.S. Wu, Y.X. Deng and L. Li 145
The Effect of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction Combining Ultrasonic on Steel-
Reinforced Mortars
X.M. Xing and W. Yao 149
Tentative Study on Sonoelectrochemical Chloride Extraction from Mortar
Y.Q. Chen, W. Yao and X.M. Xing 153
Analysis of Bond and Anchorage Performances of Helical and Twisted Reinforcement
Material
J.L. Zhang and C.L. Wang 158
Research on Modification of Steady State Migration Test for Cementitious Materials
J.B. Yang, P. Zhang and L.P. Wu 166
Study on Hydration Degree of Portland Cement-Slag Complex Binders
R.G. Liu and P.Y. Yan 172
Study on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete at Different Ages by
Thermoporometry
Z.W. Jiang, Z.L. Deng and N. Zhang 178
Determining the Contact Angle of Hardened Cement Paste Using Thin Layer Wicking
Method
Q. Tian, H. Zhang, Y.J. Wang, F. Guo, T. Yao and J.P. Liu 184
Solubility Behavior of the Hydration Products in the Pore Solution of Hydrated Cement
Pastes
W. Yao and M.J. Wu 189
Effect of Metakaolin on the Physical Properties and Setting Time of High Performance
Concrete
B.M. Wang, H.N. Ma, M. Li and Y. Han 195
The Effect of Curing System on Mechanical Properties of Desulphurization Gypsum-Slag
Composite Binder
X.Q. Liu, J. Wang and H.G. Qin 200
The Influence of Curing Temperature on the Coordination of the Expansion and Strength
of High Strength Expansive Concrete
J.J. Feng, C.L. Zhou, Y. Sun and X.Q. Wang 205
Preparation of MgO- and CaO-Bearing Expansive Agent Used for Cement-Based Materials
L.W. Mo, Y. Deng, A.Q. Lu and M. Deng 211
Study on Compatibility of Modified the Cement-Based Composite Biomass Materials by
Agent
J. Liu, C. Lin, W.H. Sun and X.M. Wang 215
The Brief Analysis of Photovoltaic Insulating Glass in the Process Service
W.H. Li, C. Li, Y. Qiu and C.G. Wei 220
Phosphate Bonding: A New Method for Using Large Volume of Fly Ash
Z. Ding, M. Zhang, B.Q. Dong, W. Liu and H. Lu 225
The Preparation and Pozzolanic Activity of Metakaolin Admixtures
B.M. Wang, Y. Zhang and M. Li 230
Influence of Steel Slag on the Workability of Concrete
J.W. Yang, Q. Wang, P.Y. Yan and B. Zhang 235
Study on the Influence Factors of the Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solution
X.Y. Liu, Y. Xu, L. Chen, X.R. Wang and M.K. Zhou 239
Key Engineering Materials Vol. 539 c
Properties of Cement Mortars Mixed with SiO and CaCO Nanoparticles
2 3
D.Z. Wang, Y.Y. Zhang and Y.F. Meng 244
Alkali Activity of Granite Aggregates and Control in the Concrete of the Three Gorges
Project
Z.Q. Wang, C.X. Liu, Z.Y. Wen, Z. Li and L. Xiao 249
Preparation of AgBr Nanowire Arrays in Porous Anodic Aluminium Oxide Template by
Paired Cell Deposition
M.M. Cui, X.C. Yang and J.W. Hou 255
Influence and Mechanisms of In Situ Toughening Telechelic Polymer on the Microstructure
of Concrete
X.B. Zhu, P. Feng, J.P. Liu, B. Ding and J.X. Hong 259
Research on the Application of Liquid Permeating Method to Silica Sol Stability
L. Li, N. Zhou, X. Cui and W.H. Huang 266
Environmentally Friendly Cellular Concrete for Wall Insulation
Y.Q. Jiang, J. Yang and Y. Chen 271
Key Engineering Materials Vol. 539 (2013) pp 1-4
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.539.1
29Si NMR Characterization of Silica Tetrahedron in the Silica Fume
Simulate Hydration
Xiaojun Wang1, a, Xiaoyao Wang2, 3, Hongfei Zhu1 and Cheng Qian1
1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009,
China
2Department of Building Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3Depatrment of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
a [email protected]
Keywords: Silica fume; Silica tetrahedron; Hydration; Nuclear magnetic resonance
Abstract. As the major structure of silica fume, the change of silica tetrahedron in the pozzolanic
reaction during the hydration has not been revealed clearly in previous studies. In this study, 29Si
solid-state MAS NMR was used to characterize the silica tetrahedron change of the silica fume in
saturated alkali solution with 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 four different calcium/silica ratios. The amorphous
Q4 silica tetrahedron structure in silica fume changed into Q1 silica tetrahedron at 1 day. Q2 silica
tetrahedron formed from Q1 silica tetrahedron within 3 days. Q1 and Q2 silica tetrahedron reached a
balance until silica fume completed pozzolanic reaction and the Q4 silica tetrahedron exhausted. The
coexistence of Q1 and Q2 silica tetrahedron benefited the physical properties increase of cementitious
system. 29Si solid-state MAS NMR results proved that the chain length of silica tetrahedron in C-S-H
shortened in the silica fume hydration while the C/S ratio increased.
Introduction
Silica fume is widely used in blended cement or concrete as a fine and highly pozzolanic cement
replacement blend. The mechanism and the influence of silica fume in cement and concrete are hot
spots of research. The previous researches focused on the factors, such as water/binder ratio,
hydration degree, setting time, consistency, shrinkage, compression strength and permeability of
cement paste or concrete with silica fume [1-11]. Furthermore, the hydration model and hydration
kinetics aroused the researchers’ attention as well [12-14]. In the aforementioned works, it was
mentioned that silica fume could react with calcium hydroxide and constitute the hydrated calcium
silicate (C-S-H), which diluted the alkali concentration, reduced the influence of alkali-aggregate
reaction (AAR), and played an important role in the strength of the cement pasta or concrete. The
pozzolanic reaction of silica fume was expressed as 3CH+2S→C S H [15], particularly, without the
3 2 3
silica tetrahedron characterization of silica fume in the hydration process. Brunet and Lv reported that
the chain length of silica tetrahedron became shorten as the calcium/silica ratio increase [16,17].
There were few reports about the silica tetrahedron change in the system with various C/S ratios. As
for the pozzolanic reaction of silica fume, the change of silica tetrahedron as the C-S-H forms still
remains unclear. As a result, it is necessary to find the change of silica tetrahedron in silica fume
pozzolanic reaction and to predict the silica fume effect on blended cement or concrete based on silica
tetrahedron change.
In this work, 29Si solid-state MAS NMR investigations on the silica tetrahedron change of the
silica fume in saturated alkali solution were reported for four different calcium/silica ratios: 0.9, 1.2,
1.5 and 1.8, respectively. Specimen of silica fume in simulated hydration were detected during a
period of 90 days from initial state, and compared with silica tetrahedron change. The information
was gathered about the silica tetrahedron and the chain length of the silica tetrahedron in the C-S-H
phase was determined. This study provides a reference for the silica tetrahedron research of blended
cement or concrete with silica fume.
2 Testing and Evaluation of Advanced Building Materials
Experimental
Silica fume was manufactured by Elcon, with a surface area of 18,900 m2/kg measured by the BET
nitrogen sorption method, and the chemical composition is listed in Table 1. Calcium hydroxide was
from Lingfeng chemical Co. Ltd. in Shanghai containing more than 95.0% calcium hydroxide.
According to four different C/S ratios of 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8, silica fume was stirred incessantly in
a tank with saturated calcium hydroxide solution filled (with pH=13 and certain calcium hydroxide),
where the ambient temperature was kept at 293 K. The specimens were measured by 29Si solid-state
MAS NMR in prescribed age.
The samples were accurately weighed and then filled into an NMR sample tube. The 29Si
solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were performed on a Bruker Avance 400 (9.39 T,
79.5 MHz) using a home built CP/MAS probe for 4mm zirconia rotors, a spinning speed of 8 kHz,
single pulse excitation with a pulse width of 4 µs, and relaxation delay of 8 s and 10000 scans.
Chemical shift refers to an external standard of tetramethylsilane at 0 ppm.

Table 1 Chemical composition of silicon fume /wt%
Materials Loss SO SiO Fe O Al O CaO MgO K O Na O
3 2 2 3 2 2 2
CSF 2.57 1.00 91.36 0.28 0.63 0.63 1.96 1.19 0.52

90d 90d
56d 56d
28d 28d
14d 14d
7d 7d
3d
3d
1d 1d
-60 -70 -80 -90 -100-110-120-130-140 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140
δδδδ Si / ∗∗∗∗ 10-6 δδδδ Si / ∗∗∗∗ 10-6
(a) (b)
Figure 1 29Si NMR spectra of silica fume with the C/S ratios of (a) 0.9 C/S and (b) 1.8 C/S

Figure 2 The silica tetrahedron structural changes of silica fume in simulate hydration
Results and Discussion
29Si solid-state NMR of silica tetrahedron in the silica fume simulate hydration. The 29Si solid-
state NMR spectra of silica tetrahedron in the silica fume simulate hydration; with the C/S ratios of
0.9 and 1.8 are shown in Fig. 1. Q1 silica tetrahedron structure forms at 1 day. The pozzolanic activity
of silica fume is high and the amorphous silica tetrahedron structure of Q4 in silica fume reacts with
calcium hydroxide to form C-S-H gel with essential Q1 silica tetrahedron structure. Q1 silica
tetrahedron is active and polymerizes to Q2 silica tetrahedron structure. Therefore, the Q2 silica
tetrahedron structure emerges at 3 days. The silica tetrahedron structural changes of silica fume in
simulate hydration is illustrated in Fig. 2. Because there is no aluminum in silica fume, no Q2(Al)
silica tetrahedron structure exists in hydration products. Moreover, as Q0 silica tetrahedron
contributes is the main silica tetrahedron structure in clinker, Q2B, a bridge silica tetrahedron