Terrorism Within Comparative International Context: The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness PDF
Preview Terrorism Within Comparative International Context: The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness
M.R. Haberfeld • Joseph F. King Charles Andrew Lieberman Terrorism Within Comparative International Context The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness Terrorism Within Comparative International Context · · M.R. Haberfeld Joseph F. King Charles Andrew Lieberman Terrorism Within Comparative International Context The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness 123 M.R.Haberfeld JosephF.King CityUniversityofNewYork CityUniversityofNewYork JohnJayCollegeofCriminalJustice JohnJayCollegeofCriminalJustice 899TenthAve. 899TenthAve. NewYorkNY10019 NewYorkNY10019 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] CharlesA.Lieberman CityUniversityofNewYork JohnJayCollegeofCriminalJustice 899TenthAve. NewYorkNY10019 USA [email protected] ISBN978-0-387-88860-6 e-ISBN978-0-387-88861-3 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-88861-3 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009932596 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Tomydaughters,NellieandMia–youarethe spiritsbehindmydrive. –Maria(Maki)Haberfeld TomylovelywifeJoyce–forhersupportand help. –JosephKing TomywifeLinaandsonGabriel–forgivingme thestrengthtoachieve. –CharlesLieberman Acknowledgments No matter how much work and endeavor goes into the completion of a book, it is always this final stagethat brings the realsightof relief tothe authors;one thatis definitelyadefiningmomentforthosewhowouldhavenotbeenabletoimplement the ideas that were conceptualized years ago, if not for the assistance and help of thefollowingcolleaguesandassociates. We would like to start with thanking one of the original three researchers, Dr.HeathGrant,who,forpersonalreasons,neededtowithdrawfromthisproject. As always, Heath had a critical input into the thinking process and the ideas pre- sentedinthisbook,andwemissedhisinputandcontributionsduringthetripswe tooktocompletethisprojectthatwasfirstconceptualizedalmost6yearsago. To the National Institute of Justice and its International Center Directors, Jay Albanese and Cindy Smith and their staff, who in various stages of the research projectmonitoredourprogressandprovidedguidance,ourgratitudeisextended. Onceagain,theacknowledgmentneedstobemadethatallthiswouldnothave beenpossiblewithouttheamazingvisionofSeniorEditorWelmoedSpahrandher extraordinaryEditorialAssistantTheresaCulverandtheentireeditorialandproduc- tion team at Springer. Finally, we are thankful to all the external reviewers of our work. We are forever grateful for affording us the opportunity to see our research findingsinaformatthatwillallowustospreadthemaroundtheworld. The concluding words of the acknowledgment go to the ones who provided us withthefundingresourcesforourframeworksofthinkingandenabledustotrans- late our thoughts into tangible lessons that we learned and hope others will learn aswell,sothankyouCongressmanJerroldNadler,NewYork’s8thCongressional District,andhisstaff. vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 ResearchQuestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 ResearchMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 TheComparativeApproachtoCounterterrorism . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 CounteringTerrorismwithCommunity-Oriented Policing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1 QualitativeVersusQuantitativeDataCollection . . . . . . . 24 3.2 FocusGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2.1 FocusGroupAdvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.2 FocusGroupDisadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.3 InstitutionalReviewBoard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 TheUnitedKingdomandIreland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3 UnitedKingdomLawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.3.1 IrelandLawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.4 UnitedKingdomFieldResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.4.1 IrelandFieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5 TheKingdomoftheNetherlands(Koninkrijk derNederlanden). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 ix x Contents 6 TheKingdomofSpain(RienodeEspaña) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 6.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 7 TheKingdomofSweden(KonungariketSverige) . . . . . . . . . . 81 7.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 7.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 7.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 8 RepublicofTurkey(TurkiyeCumhuriyeti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.2 TerroristGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.4.1 TheCenterforHumanRights . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.4.2 BarAssociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.4.3 TurkishNationalPoliceGraduateStudents . . . . . 99 8.4.4 TheMediaandFilmProducer . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.4.5 TheMinorityLeaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 9 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.1.1 TheFederalRepublicofGermany . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.1.2 ThreeBranchesoftheFederalRepublicof Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 9.1.3 SchengenAgreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.2.1 TheRedArmyFaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 9.2.2 “Landshut”Kidnapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 9.2.3 ContinuousRAFTerrorism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 9.2.4 MunichMassacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 9.2.5 ContemporaryTerrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 9.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 9.3.1 FederalGermanPolice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 9.3.2 The Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt–BKA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 9.3.3 StatePoliceofNorth-RhineWestphalia . . . . . . . 116 9.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.4.1 FederalCriminalPoliceOffice . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9.4.2 StatePoliceofNorth-RhineWestphalia . . . . . . . 119 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Contents xi 10 UnitedStates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.2 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 10.3 LawEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 10.3.1 DepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS) . . . . . . 134 10.3.2 FederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI) . . . . . . . . 134 10.4 FieldResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 11 BestPractices–LessonsWeLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 11.1 IntelligenceFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 11.1.1 SecurityConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 11.2 InvestigativeTechniquesandIntelligenceGathering . . . . . 155 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 12 BestPractices–LessonstobeLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12.1 OutlineofaC-TTrainingModule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 12.2 RequiredTexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 AppendixAIRB-ApprovedConsentForm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 AppendixBIRBReviewForm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 About the Authors M.R.HaberfeldisaprofessorofpolicescienceintheDepartmentofLaw,Police ScienceandCriminalJusticeAdministrationatJohnJayCollegeofCriminalJustice inNewYorkCity.ShewasborninPolandandimmigratedtoIsraelasateenager. Prior to coming to John Jay, she served in Israeli Defense Forces, in a counter- terrorist unit and left the army at the rank of a sergeant; she then joined the Israel National Police, and left the force at the rank of Lieutenant. She also worked for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, in the New York Field Office, as a special consultant. She holds two Bachelor of Art degrees, two master degrees, and a Ph.D. in criminal justice. Her main interests and expertise are in the area ofpolicetrainingandprofessionaldevelopment,withparticularemphasisonpolice ethics,integrity,leadership,counterterrorismanduseofforceinmulticulturalenvi- ronments. Her recent publications include a book on police training titled Critical IssuesinPoliceTraining(2002),aco-editedbooktitledContoursofPoliceIntegrity (2004) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, the International Volume (2005) Police Leadership(2005),aco-authoredbooktitledEnhancingPoliceIntegrity(Springer, 2006),co-editedbookonComparativePolicing:TheStruggleforDemocratization (2007),co-editedbook,ANewUnderstandingofTerrorism:CaseStudies,Trajecto- riesandLessonsLearned,andaco-editedbook,ModernPiracyandMaritimeTer- rorism:ThechallengeofPiracyforthe21stCentury.Shealsorecentlyco-authored two articles on counterterrorist response: “Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments” and “Police Activities toCounterTerrorism:WhatWeKnowandWhatWeNeedtoKnow”(forthcoming). Forthepast8years(2001–2009),shehasbeeninvolvedindeveloping,coordinating, andteachinginaspecialtrainingprogramfortheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartment, wheresheteachescoursesinpoliceethics,leadership,andcounterterrorism.For3 years(2005–2008),shewasalsoanacademiccoordinatoroftheLawEnforcement ExecutivePoliceInstitutefortheStateofNewYork,wheresheoversawthedeliv- eryofthetrainingmodulesandtaughtleadershipcourses.Sheisinvolvedinamajor researchstudyonUseofForcebythePolicein10differentcountries,andaresearch projectonpoliceleadershiptrainingwhichalsofocusesoncomparativestudiesofa numberofcountriesaroundtheworld. xiii
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