Territorial use rights in marine fisheries : definitions and conditions

17 Pages·1992·0.57 MB·English

by  Christy, Francis T

Territorial use rights
in marine fisheries:
definitions and
conditions
Territorial use rights FISHERFIAEOS
in marine fisheries: TECHPNAIPCEARL
definitions and conditions 227
by
FrancisT.Christy,Jr
SeniorFisheryPlanningOfficer
FisheryDevelopmentPlanningService
FAOFisheryPolicyandPlanningDivision
FOOD
AND
AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION
OFTHE
UNITEDNATIONS
Rome,1992
PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT
alfisossutirsottfhiTnhtigihnsefasiedsshoepercariupyeemsraesdonmftiistnhgeiaicshsvtnerinabcteaaoetlrnstphaapepnredeerpnsoadtrrheoeefdlrattahpisiensrgpsdaotornoctsutmrhoeeefsnpPtFo.RAnAsOiC'bsTleIRCfeEogrSultOaherFmPFaIrnSoaHggEreRamImeEmnSetMoaAfctNfiAivsiGhteiEreMise,Es.NaTiItm.eidsTthhaeet
Reprinted1992
Theviewsexpressedinthisreportarepersonal
ttohosteheofaFutAhOo.raTnhdedreoponrottdoneescensostariymprleyfltehcte
epaxrptressoifonFofAOanycoonpcineironningwhattshoeevelregaolnthoer
constitutionalstatusofanycountry,territory
orseaareaorconcerningthedelimitationof
boundaries.
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M-40
ISBN92'5*101269-5
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©FAO1982
Copyrightedmaterial
iii
ABSTRACT
TTehreryitoarriealwuisdeelryighatvsaiilnabfliseherfoiress(eTdUeRnFtsa)ryharveesoeuxricsetse.dfoIrnceandtduirtiieons,.
htroawdeivteiron,altchoeymmuhnaivteieasppaenadreardeianlsoabneuinmgbearcguoifremda,rliengeallfyisohrereixetsrai-n
legally,forsuchtechniquesasfloatingfishaggregationdevicesand
otherformsoffixedgear.
TURFsprovideinterestingopportunitiesfordealingwithtwo
majoraspectsoffisheriesmanagement-efficientproductionofnet
bofentehfietpsosasnidbleequaidtoapbtlieondiosftrTiUbuRtFisonaosfabemneeafnitss.forFumratnhaegreemxepnltorasteieomn
desirable.
IsatthnoedmaletcshroToeefhaeidtxtsiiehsoerptncaiiinpmscaepetnrlisdioecnsxmsaoptalmbiioeeonrnttesowesfenfesoatnronhmceeteeqecurooironiftfdtaoitbTrthliUieeaoRldndFesirsfsii.ttgnrhhiiattbstiAuotnmniadaaonlnydieotclhfeaodbmvimeesenmcneuotafssinnstesoeps.ffrfoTbeprUceitrRetfFoylsn.y
Xhl.s One
Y1Q5-3RU-KU9Z ightedmai ‘‘
CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
IL DISTINCTIONSBETWEENCOMMONPROPERTYANDTERRITORIALUSERIGHTS 2
SA.. CTeorrmimtoorniaPlrUospeerRtyiqhUinFigheries 23
HL THECAUSESOFCOMMONPROPERTY 5
TV. THErONDITinNSAFFECTINGTHECREATIONANDMAINTFNANCFOF
TERRITORIALUSERIGHTS I
A- Naturalreiourcgattributes 7
H. Roundariaa 2
C. Eithlnqtechnology 0
D. Culturalfactors B
E. Wealthdletrlbutlon B
FG.. GSouvmemranrmyentauthorityandlegalInatitutiona 88
V. EQUITYCONSIDERATIONS 2
VL BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
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L INTRODUCTION
TraditTieornrailtloyritahleyuhsaeveriegmhetsrgeind(fainsdhesrioemse(aTrUeRsFtsil)lmhaaivnetaibneeedn)wkhneorwencetrotaeixnisctondfiotriocnesntpuerrimeist.
relativelyeasyacquisitionanddefenceofexclusiverights. Sedentaryresourcessuchasoysters,
mInussLealkse,aLuncdrsienaeweduerdisnghatvheeleoanrglybeRenomsaubnjeecmtptiorepr(oBpoelrittyhori1g9ht6s1.).SeErngciluossGerdatbaodicuelstiovfatferdesohywsatteerrs
ponds,lakes,andfloodplainshavealsobeensubjecttoexclusiveuserightsforcenturies.
dlaegfoeonncHseo,woeaflvoeenxrgc,lubTseiUavcRehFerssi,ghhtaasnvdeiswanilotstohrereemagdeairlrgydeadtpopiancroeranartle.arseTeohfres.ysihtAaunvadte,iodnemsvoerwlehoeprreeedceeinnatslmeya,roifTnUeaRcaFqruseiasasirtiesounbcehainnadgs
established,legallyorillegally,inassociationwithfishaggregationdevices(FADs)andothernew
orrecentlyexpandedtechnologies.
tthheerecaAassree,mionirdniecbaaotntidohnsmmotohrdaeetrssntoumdaeyndfisortgrmiasvdeiotnfiotTnoaUlRthFmesarcaiurlneteumrofeirseahnedprieerosvr.agsainviAezatpthairaotnniapolrfevlfiiisostuhsiolnfygtcfhioosmhumegurhniteisttioeasbn,ed
TctueUlcRthuFnriseq;uienfsibsohutsihanggcg,urleotgruartpeieoranmnidtdtecivanipgcte,usr,eexcbmloautrshiinvfeeloftaietsrihrneigrtioe(rsip:aalyaoroyissg)thetars,nadnidnfdiicxcleadatmeosbnottththeeomr;baonstgeetaowamenedadsvbaaerrditsei;ftiyrcaiofatfl
reefs;beachseinerights;fishpensandcages;setnetrights;bottomfishtrapssuchaslobsterpots
andoctopusshelters;coralreefs;lagoonfisheries;fishtrapsatstreammouthsforanadromous
specieslikesalmon;andotherslessformalsuchastacitterritorialdivisionsbysomelarge-scale
commercialfisheries.
Thesekindsof"seatenure"situationsareattractingincreasingattentionforseveral
reasons-twoofwhichareparticularlyimportantwithregardtofisheriesmanagement.First,
theyareofconsiderableinterestwithregardtoefficiencygoals.Theconceptofthe"soleowner"
asameansforpreventingthedamaging
consequencesofopenaccesstocommonpropertyresourceshaslongbeenrecognizedasbeingof
efcunodnaommeinctazloneim(pEoErZta-ncaefo(rSmcoottf,TU19R3F^).inBitustelfu)ntoiclcurtrheed,wtihdeerseprheaasdbeaednopltiimointedofoptphoertuenxitteynfdoerd,
orinterestin,practicalapplicationsoftheconcept.
IdItemvpiersloovbTpiehincengogms(coieorcnuogmnnatdriiinnetrcsaer'iaensafisoinisnghn)giclsatythtcehahap,wtpeaallrrfoeeacnraptieeirzostVeih^dsaittmTeanUtithRlle-yFssseacanladcepoppmfeemirasuvrhnaiisnttigoiveecalsofy,mfmodurwendhpiiratcenihsesisepmdrpionoadrndutdecavenhetalavooeppmipnanoojgrtotcrugoneupinnatetrryrtailefsloo.yfr
rceosmpmonodnedprtoopecrotnyvecnotnidointailonagtotveemrpntisngtothiemupsreovoeftthheeirrewseolufracrees..CTohimsmuins,iitnylcaorngteroplarto,fdtuheemtoeatnhse
ootfhwenp,friowsdihutechrtomiueotnn',ssatwtheirsloffuaagcrhteo.rlyoTccahloeimzcmeoudrnoiTlltUayRrFycsoi,nstermqoaulya,lltpyhreoiyvmipmdoearytaancnrtie.maptIoefrtalaoccnlatalsitszoeoodlfTi"nUseRaaFt-tlsoermddpestv"selwothopiciohnmpctrohouevliedr
wellworsentheplightofthesmall-scalefisherman.
Forthesereasons,anIncreasingnumberofstudiesarebeingdevotedtotraditionalsea
fiatsneondrtuomrsseoecxoisfaaymllsiotoncebeamjlseit,czhteeeidsvwpeTaesUc.yisRaFlTilshnyiswabhrypieacapahnletsrlohorpceoramplooeivlrziggediidesnstTgs,UaRaapnFnrddselsticohmaceinisnoealb,roegytiousoast,testdre(emoCqropuritdareedtloolsp,tdtueedfadyoi.rttwIohinctmboheomeitonhtngec)ba.aossteBphsue,tcettchmooeonfdonemtehrieindcs
examination-thenaturalandsocialconditionsthatfacilitateorimpedetheacquisitionand
pdirsottienccttiioonnsofbetlowceaelnizecdomemxcolnusipvreopeursteyraignhdtsexicnlufsiisvheeriuesse.riIgthtbsegainndsbweitthweaendigsecnuesrsailoinzeodfatnhde
ltohcealfiozrecdesTUanRdFsf.actAosrsothbaatsishafvoersuunpdpeorrstteadnditnhgetohpeencoancdciteisosnschfaorracetnecrliosstuirce,ofitceoxmammionnesprsoopmeertyo.f
Severalnaturalandsocialconditionsthatinfluencetheacquisitionofuserightsarediscussedasa
basisfordeterminingtheopportunitiesforcreating,re-establishing,orprotectinglocalized
oTbUjReFcsti.vesInancdonscolmuedesofwtihtehoappborriteufnidtiisecsusasniodndoafngtehresdtihfafterleonccaelsizbeedtTweUeRnFseffmiacyienccryeaatnedfoerquitthye
latter.
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IL OtlESfTtIWNTCTOiMOANLSUBSEETWftEIECNKTCSOMMONPROPERTYAND
A* CommonProperty
Theconditionofcommonpropertyhascharacterizedtheuseofmostmarinefisheries
dptcoihotsrmeconumutsgoishnaeoldupturisnoetprhneseur.tmwyeoTrrhroleeudssosfeuotrsrtcmuesdsaeiyveaesrrbeae(let.mhgca.oe,sdneteGuotruroipdewsoo.hnfifc1Tih9hs5iha4sec,rccmeoSesncnsdoitfttisrioo1bnm9o5taa5hnn,dyfCrcihetoresuinscattonryndys,aoenspqdueucenShnctcaooeststaohnsiae9tv6the5e)o.bfheiuegBsnrheirsefsefuallsoyl;,ry
fctihosomhumegurhnmiiettnym.afyrIohfmatvheaentychoeuprnaitrgrthyit,cutlpoarrdovoicsnoocu,en,tthroeyrcocwnoidtmihmtiuinnoniitotysfcdEooEemZsm;onnootrprcfooinpsterhroetlyrmeaexcnicsetfsss.rotmoaanfyishpearryt,iceuvleanr
commuDniisttyincptrioopnesrtys,hoculodmmobenlymaodwenebdeptrwoepeenrtyt,hepubtleircmprcoopemrmtoy,napnrdoptehrety"coamnmdonssu*c'h.tCeormmsmoans
property, ashereindefined,relatesspecificallytotheconditionsgoverningaccesstothe
resource,nottothenatureoftheownersorthenatureofthosewhoexercisejurisdicticKior
drcioignshtatrgsorleineomrveeensrtouotrvhceeersrtihenissowudherifcciehnit(aiCohnnru.imsbtFyeo,rr1oef9x7ao5mwpnlaeetr,s6i9ta7rh)e.ascob>eIeteqnusahdloeufilindnethdbeeiarsnr"oiatgehdtdisstttrohiabutusteitohtnehroeefrpeisrsooupsreocremt'ey*
(Ciriacy-WantrupandBishop,1975,italicstheirs). Thisdefinition,however,begsthequestion
becauseitremovestheconditionoffreeandopenaccess.
risesatratiSenenvdheiersnaclcyastictgohniiwfniacstahtneetictnohtneesreersqetuseoounfrcfceuesturprehesyuslritectafulrrlnoysm,.tfhoNerocaonniydntdihitiviniogdnuhaoelflcfeioasvmhemesrominnanptrhhoeapsesretaayn.foiFrnicrtesonttm,iotvrhereortweo
wpiolilntbeoftmakaexnibmyumotshuesrtsaitnoadbalye.yiTehluds.,fisherystockstendtobeusedat,andfrequentlybeyond,the
thereAwilslectoennddtcoonbseeqtuoeonmceucihseefcfoonrotmsipcenwtasotne.toIontfheewafbisshe.ncIenoovferc-ounttirloilzsedonficsahpeirtiaels,antdhelasbaomuer,,
oermpelvoeynedl.argTehri,sammeoaunnststhoaftfitshhecsaanmeb,eotrakgerneawtietrh,fteowtaelrrfeivsehneuremsencoaunlddvbeesseplrsodtuhcaendarweitahctluoawlelry
totalcosts.
fTfihasirhsmeriyTlsahwnaeden,ardleiwofhgcfiooecunrhtserno(tclihenleeysdb,oecmtoaewrnwetehehnaxettrtcaoootcvatmelrmb-orysenlvsmepepnlrlluoiiep^nseegrdtaoynrtdeclroemtnaosdst)iiatnltigoocntothahweteeisrrreteehnxartctelmtuwhosoavituveledad,crcioirgschuctaeunsrto"tioeftchtaoehcnecouemossiwescncotirfo'eSnttthho"eef.
resource.
(ntiaonescwrstlehuyaemIsindifnenigvcgseohtlmtehooremptmrioaeenlnng.irshpesrmvShooeiepbnneriucrlyeeitstyoayrc(fcawoitefisshtesllhraeibaaieossnstu,rfi)rtn.etocheriseBtaahunsretdeentsotihpaneemipnsenr,iedcitaweshmseoffiuoipsnrasutthr)teeph.dlreumsbepenOrpcnoraldwouiuyflscilettw)hiwwnieihticnelrpneraaetotsovdtteeraurlactceotictstaomlsaotocscsrcoueusrrrtpesfslaiuc(sswhahispettrhriooomntfueaitnalt
revenueswillthenewentrystop.Butatthispointtherentwillbedissipated.
tefhcreoomnaomtTmaohikuecinnotsgbijgpoenlfciatfctiiehvcieaassnn,cvdeaelwvuioelefnl,tpiohfrirostdhreuiescnrtete,hnaatitsviasaaleuxTmepeUaraRsesFssuo,srceeidiaftoienfedfnftowehincett-ihmevoftenfh,eeectwtraiilervlsyeonputerresecrsvemesoni.fttsetlthfh.eeATdsiUsdRsiiFspcauitsnisoeandchobifeelvroiewnn,tg
cnioonutvnotltrvhAieeedsoranetnlleydantdcetdahtueoscebpoernoosafbetlq,teuhmoeirssncccaelrooensisesceoqttoumh,epanlttcheeexa.vbaeonrTtdahtgeonermoetionafrcreeotahdmieoeltsyhsceoaurflnedc.eusrlmtsaTutlhrolaeo-lds,c.caoslomecBmiuaoftlinstahhpneerdrompceeeocnrmotnmyionocmnodinecdpvireftolaipocoeptnriotnriygss
cwoenrdeitpiroonduicsecde,rttahienylycoaulcdonbterisbhuatroerdyafmaocntogr.theIffitshehecromnednitsiooanswteoreIncrreemaosveeadv,eraangdeeicnocnoommeisc.rTehnitss,
however,wouldrequireameansforsharingthatmightbequitedifficulttoimposeandenforce.
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cfoinsgheesrAtmiefononuurastimhnogsniggdniiffffiiescrhaenentrtmcegonenasuresqifunogerncttehheeofssaacmmoeemmrroeenssoopuurrroccpee,erwttiyytphiiscatclholneyflsibacetmt.eweTeghni—slro.acrcgItuerosacnicdnurtsshmealbfleo-tsrwcmeaelonef
finisthheermseanm.eOspraciet,ocascubrestbweetewnemeonbiflieshterramwelnerussianngddfiifxfeedrennettskionrdspootfs.gearfordifferentstocksbut
psbioetsnuseaiftbiilItnoynwesphsoisswceihhnte,icrveieentrhateelhsteucelroltnnoansitgseiqvtruehueanntoc(pecwpsoohremotnmfunoafinlrtteieeperrsnaoanpatderirevotepyseocfnpaiprsoachrceetcrueionserisstimnaeorasney-iegmxoefipnfsreetorreavnleetl).mypmqBlauuoyitytmebteehdniaostmuatiogswpiepanoigrgs,thhuenotdirhttbei-yetosentrlhimyen
otherdamages.
B. TerritorialUseRightsinFisheries
cthoemmmaoArnitnpeerrroieptneorvrtiiyar.lonumIsteenistriigamhntpdoirntthafanitsthTetrUoiReesFmspcahpnarsorivezimedoevtehf,aotrtotrheailsagtcriaevaneteorrnaltoyhrebrleestdshoeanrneeaxtbtoseonaltu,cteetrhtceaoicnntorndodeligst.rieoenFooirfn
example,anexclusiveuserightcanbeattachedtoasiteforaraftforthecultureofmolluscs.
sBiutte-thaefvlaolwueovoefrtwhheicrihghtthewihllolbdeeraofffetchteedribgyhttshehafslonwo,ofornuotnrliyenltismi(taendd,pcoolnlturtoaln.ts)Thtehrocuogmhmtohne
pclreoapre-rctuytcdoinsdtiitnicotnionrebmeatiwnesenwicthomrmeoganrdprtoopetrhteyfalnodwToUfRnFust.rients(andpollutants).Thusthereisno
meyecatonnaiogtImeniimsceadntzdhtioe,tnielopanatc,traetntrihcebutrelheaaratlisyfisnoworiomftchlopefrarrieT-mgUcaaurRrtydF,ditinosittneiqrnutechestastittoinfofonibrssehteeowcrfoeyneeounqmsueigicetarnyile.glrhaytlsAiotzrceadosnonacebnieadellxclyootncratdelremiosezil,erldaebdaTlneUwiRetfFxihstsi,ehnenrdatienheddes
territoryrepresentedbythezone. Attheotherextreme,theownerofanoysterbedhasaright
tocontroluseoveramuchmorelimitedterritory.
DistinctionsbetweencommonpropertyandTURFsandbetweengeneralizedandlocalized
TURFshavetodowiththesizeandnatureoftheterritory,thekindsofuserightsthatcanbe
exercised,andthespecificityoftheownership. Thesevariousdefinitionalelementsarediscussed
below.
TheterritorygovernedbyaTURFcanrelatetothesurface,thebottom,ortotheentire
watercolumnwithinaspecificarea. Thesizeoftheterritorywillvarywiththeuse, the
resourcesbeingharvestedandthegeographicalcharacteristics. Itshouldbesufficientinsize,
however,sothatuseoutsideoftheterritorydoesnotsignificantlydiminishthevalueofuse
within. Theterritoryshouldbereadilydefensibleandprotectedbythelawsandinstitutionsof
thecountry. Theboundariesoftheterritoryshould,therefore,beclearlydemarcatedand
identifiable.
enclosTehetsheewehloelmeentstsocokfotfhefisdheftinhirtoiuognhoduotnitostmniegcreastsoarryilymomveemaennttsh.atAtheTUteRrFritiosrynotmussotmfuulclhy
rpmplirealoscevoesiuddr,efcoemrtashapeyescbptiarofsociivkcsidtafhesoarttIhtseefwisfbieamsscisittsietvfhesorproeTucaUginfRhieFctfs.hfoeuecFstvoiaervnnedestxThaoUofmRupsgFlqheu,eatvrhaeeenysmiiitfalereiseti.ncuowsSvheieimdrcislhfaaorarnlyfap,iresbelhaaegaaoigcfcghroessngetlaioyntceikasonfrmeidgiwehgtvrssiaqctumeiaanriyges
dainledoginrvgeiedtuhtaoelwcThoUiaRscFth.s,theTtrhheeeissviaaglnuivefailcouafentaasnesloeicnmideaintvetidduiawslintohrtigthththeewtiedlrelrgirtceolereya.orflyFeonbrcelsotasofucfrkeesctotefhdattbheymistgthroeactkde,egtbrhuerteoutghohef
"rtvhaueelpdusufetcisresehcatwaomin"lzlebunrseooet.etbnheheAatfnvucaltlelhyudeeibenoytxfetrraaregurmrpieteg,eehdtm,aefnaubtnradtrahrdemiorcowandndgoesswttntrheTatatUhmeRcTFacUopatRosuFwtrn.seesrwBisaulltllwisifttniihlsmlhorhsematgovavercidanssgeotsmo,aelatomvhnaoegluumneaot.vcIeoonfmadsoictvnaittdwcuihaol,lfl
spacingoffishingdevices,andothermeans.
TURFTahreepcroombplleemxs,cfanddeteevremninmiongrethdeifcfoicnutletntthoafnritghhotssetohfatdeartee,rmoirnisnhogultdhebec,oenxteernctisoefdpwriotpheirntya
rightsonland. Propertyhasbeensaidtobo"aconstellationofhighlycomplexadjustmentsof
entitlements and expectations"(Carmichael 1975). Variations in these entitlements and
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expectations withregardtolendinclude,amongothers: therighttotransferorconvey
ownershipoftheland;therighttoleasetheland;therighttoextractbenefits;therighttobe
freeofnuisance,suchasthepollutantsproducedbyaneighbour;therighttocontrolfutureuse
throughcovenants;ortherighttogranteasementsforspecialuses.
Conceptsofpropertyintheseaaremuchlessadvancedandmoredifficulttoconceive
breescoauurscees.ofTthheeretharreeeadlismoendisfifoincaulltineastuorfegeonfertahleizasteiaonanbdectahuesefloufididtiyffeorfentthecumlteudrialumatatnidtudietss
towardspropertyindifferentsocieties.
postulHaotwedevtehra,tcaetrtthaiisnpkrienldismoifnarriyghsttsagneeeidnttohebedeevxeelrocpimseedntifofTUuRndFesrsatraendtiongbeofefTfUeRctFisv,e.itOcnaenboef
Atttehhreesrseietcteoorrrnriydig.thrtoisrTgyhh.ietssAttehheabttehrniniregdefheittdisssoftcthaoeenx,bcerlbiuuegsthxiteodrnotc;oinstoeehtxdattniresaicsct,ethstashtbaeeronifrelifydgiehthttsaevtrfeomrilotniomimnibttgeh,eotrehxeuctsoaernmatcoortfuoelndtthaetcahcnrredeossuskogiuhtnrodctehtosehfewiutimsetperhoriswiniitttoithrohiynen.
opnrfoonfu-ismtesorntfeoeteatsrhyeortoetwarnxmeesrss-ourcwhhtehateshleleararsgteehreosorerspmarlooerfeiotfssatbthieesfrdyieigfnhigtnsee.dmpTalshoeytyomecranenttuaorlpnspsoortbtoeunleiaxtbtioreuasrc.taenddincatphietafloromroifn
lengthFionfalltye,nutrheermigahytsvsahroyuldbuitncslhuodueldaraitghlteatsotfubteurseufrfeitcuirennstftroomaltlhoewutsheeofowtnheertetroritcoarpyt.urTehea
sTaUtRisFf,actthoeryterneutruernmaoynbaenyincappeirtpaeltuiintvy.estmentshehasmade. Inthecaseofacommunityowned
ThisdiscussionoftherightsthatdistinguishTURFsfromcommonpropertyproceedsfrom
naenceescsoanroymitcopaocihnitevoefeviceown.omTihcateffisi,citehnecyr.ighTthsethaautthaorreimsefnutlilyonaewdaraeretthhatosethethdaitscaursesicoonnsmiadyerbeed
legallyfaultyandhasdeficienciesbuthopesthatthefaultsanddeficiencieswillprovokelegal
scholarstoaddresstheproblemsofprovidingpropertyrightstotheusersofmarinefisheries.
oftheThceorneteinstnoofrtehadeilryighatpsp.areTnhtedeixstteinnsctiioonnobfetnawteieonnallocjaurliiszdeidcteinodnggeenneerraallliyzepdroTvUidReFssinidnivtiedrumasl
crCiniooguuthnnhttterrtiinoeeesseaxrwtcifratuanhtcutetrxehbe)eerncperaifirsigtethitsa.tlholfeyAsleertexschrtlioruguishgctihtsosnt,bshyoetmehTxeehtirrorifadgcthtUthienNtsgoeCrrodeinevgvteheetnsrnu,mteiisinotefndroooaenmmsotfunhoonertteLsisgainagwnnfidoiffiskchitaenhnredtmsleSynoedfaiomru(tisoben,yibselhainsmtdiihgtetnimhen.edg
taofhsestohacecicatteeesrdsriowtfiorttyhhaeainrdTdUtoRhmeFe,ssptaeisccidffieicssicthryeirbomefednt.ahbeoTovoew.ntehLreoscheaixlptieztnahttaintohnuepyoofndaothTseoU,cRoFtnhtedeyenptaeronefdsethxmeeorrcriiegshitunspg.onthetherisgihztes
oinwnpearrstThhiaepmqoauftetsttehireonroefosfoeuqtruhiceteyn.bauttuFrioerwsnote,frstithheisphooowufnledarrbioegfhrtaeo-TfiUtueRsreFa.teisdThiitnshapmtaartktheaesmduaintsntceuecsressiosofanreydfofteehscetinIvonettnreaascsstsauebmnlede
omtanesdkwihouifmcdhienftiwhnheiincsghttothchekerfseetseoodcuskr,csecw.oinmtDsro,oelestocif,t?itnhcelupdreedoantloyrsa,ptahretincuutlrairesnttosckw,hiocrhdoseusppiotrtinctlhuede3t>t)hcek,prtehye
TheownerofaTURFcanbeaprivateindividual;aprivateindividualenterprise;agroupof
individualssuchasacooperative,anassociationoracommunity;apolitics)subdivisionsuchasa
taifbindeonddwdiipnvtliiiatdoocunmrea,udltaouirnwaipnlgrahleontyrvyssianoadcnroveeefa;nsciitaontanedgs.nietavoritdaiuuoisannlaetldoTbagUygoRrvjFeeoesrinnttmcoeadnjenotci;incstriooedrnaestce.eivseFianoo,nrsfceoooxrnnamcmteohiolevfea,nbcluooymow,bpneeearrrasmtauinolvdfteirsnaiaofztwteinoceo.urfl>satrlhuairfapetysesriitn>thceayswt.hmicacaIyhnn
ownersGheinperaislltyh,ethhiegheesftf.ectiIvnednievsisduaolfsacanTUuRsuFallwyillmabkeegdreecaitseisotnswhmeorreetehaesilsypectihfaincitgyrouofpsthoef
individuals.
However,withregardtotheobjectiveofimprovingthewelfareofsmall-scalefishing
ccaosmemsu,nsitoimees,foorwmneorfschiopmmoufnaulseorwingehrtsshibpyopfraivTatUeRFindwiilvlidbuealdsesciorualbdle.wellbedamaging. Inthese
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rightiAnsfcisahnerbiees.seeAnn,eitffiescdtiifvfeicluolctaltiozepdroTviUdReFagcelneearra-lcluytrdeeffeirnsittioonaorfelaatliovceallyizsemdaltlerraintdoricalleaursley
daoinnsedtirinnigguwhithssihcathbolueesxetteroraurcitttsoirbdyee;neopffritotsvh;iedateensrdrriiitgsohrtryseldoaofteievsxelcnyoltussspiieogcnniifafincidcaidnnetltiytesrdmoiiwmnnianetirissohhnitpoh.fekvAiannldueeafnofdfecuatsmievoeuwniTtthUioRnfFutshiees
territory. Assuch,effectivenesscanbemeasuredintermsofthevalueassociatedwiththeuse
orawinceglqlhyuftia.brreeeTthoahifpesptrThvoeaUxlRcuiFoem,mawtmieulIldnnitbitheneyrecetcafhoslaneenocotcmfeaidnccoibtnmeemtrmuhmeensaasalaumnroTdeuUdnmRtaIFnystehahchteoalnvpdoeomtineisnicptgeintriaepflreimtcosuaw.inntteylry,stghrweeoauvtlaedlrubeiemowpfioltrlhtieangnTctUeoRptFoayctahtneo
ThereareseveraladvantageslikelytobeassociatedwithlocalizedTURFs.Althoughthese
pwoiopltpleonrptteiuranmliitatidemsvaofnroteragieemcspornnooevmeiidncgatlotlhybeeewfetfelisfctaieredentaonfudssemtaoolflb-teshcesatrlueedsifoeiudsrhicinensgmoacnrodemmtduhenatitatitil,heesiy.tmiTsahyperpoerwsonuvemierdedoiftmhapaotTrtUtahRneFty
canlimittheinputsofcapitalandlabouratthepointwherethegreatestnetbenefitsare
pasdlarestotoidesurfbcmaeeicdnt.aoetrytTthhlheieesvoebplcjosoeiucnolttfdiviwebnhseceotrmaoete)bt.eshoescOionpauloegihnoottfbjfwterhhcoetemircvethehiseenfeautrlseieekceomlofaynxtobihmemeniiectfzeierrtrdesivte(oofsnruyuac.ehsloaacsraelmizmaeaxdxiiTmmUuiRzmeFde,imspbtluhoteymIrteignchtotulatdto
theinAcnentaidvdeittioonmaalnlaigkeelythaedvraesnotuargceesiswitthhaitnathleoctaelrirzietdorTy.URSFincperotvhiedeoswnbeorthofthaeToUpRpoFrt(uinnidtivyidaunadl
otrhecoflmomwunoiftyfu)tuhraesaprnodeuxcctlsu.sivTehirsigwhotultdoffuatcuilrietaptreodtuhcetsi.mpItoswiitlilonbeofinmhainsa(goermietsn)tinmteearseustretsoaesnswuerlle
awshetrheeIttasiskionftehnefsoerlcfeimnetnetr.estItofcatnhebuesenrotteodctohmaptlythweimthosttheefrfuelecst.iveformofenforcementoccurs
requirTehree-mdaijsotrri,buatnidonfoufndwaemaelnttha.l,ThperopbrloevimsiiosntohfatexctlhuesievsetarbilghitsshmmeenatnsofthlaotcasloizmeedpTreUsReFntsumsearys
odfesitrhaebleteirtrimtaoryyalasroebleikpeollyititcoalblyedeifxfcilcuudlet.d. Althoughthismaybesociallyandeconomically
m. THECAUSESOFCOMMONPROPERTY
wriigdhetss,pIrneIotarddiescrohntedoliptufinuodlnertosoftaecnxdoammtmhieonencontpdrhioetpiecorontusyn.tthearGtveamniealriyanlgflayvf,ooruicrtestchaeanncdrbeeaftasicaoitndorostfhalttohcaatwlhiehzreadeveetxhcleleducsoitsvotesutshoeef
acquiringenddefendingexclusiveuserightsaregreaterthanthebenefits,theconditionof
commonpropertywillexist. Costsandbenefits,inthisregard,areonlypartlyeconomic.They
mustalsobeconsideredinsocial,oolitical,andculturalterms.
astocOkntehaotfstwhiemmsosthtouosbavinodussodfifmfiilceusl,tiensoinsatthiaotn,ofgraotutpe,mpotriningditvoideunacllocsaenarfeuagdiitliyveprreevseonutrceo.thFeorrs
fromusingthest<xk. Evenwherethemigratorymovem*»ntsarenotsuextensive,noindividual
ccoouunnttrriyesc.anTrheeadoiblvyioduesfednidffiecxuclltuiseisveofritgrhytisngiftothaecqsutiorcekeixsclsuhsairveednwaittihonaalnreiigghhtbsouorvienrgacmoiugnrtartyoroyr
sgetnoecrkalcloyntsraiibdutaetdtshte*olniglmyettohatthetheemeprrignecinpcleeowfasthbeecproimnicnigplefooifmatlfliezefdreinedionmteronfatfiiosnhailng.laIwt(wtahse
eu1b7xitthefniatnnidtitu1rw0aathrsmcdoeenrftueunmrsiipebosl)teetsfhtraatosm"a(lcvaoannudnBt—yrnytkhecaortuslhidso,eaktchqe1u7i3rr7ae)n.geexcolfusaivceanjunroinsdsihcotti:on"iinmtpheerlsueamstoenrlryaetofintihrel
upontThheeedxitfefnitcuolftythoefmeingcrlaotsoinrgynmofvuegimteinvetrofestohurecset,ochko,wewvheirc,hirsanagerselfatriovmesmeadtetnetra.ryItredseopuerncdess
suchasseaweedsandoysterstohighlymigratoryresourcessuchassomespeciesoftuna.Italso
dependsupontheextentoftherelevantgeopoliticalboundary,whetherthisbethecoastlineofa
community,countryor,possibly,groupofcountriesactinginconcert. Furthermore,asnoted
above,itisnotalwaysnecessarytoenclosethewholestock(oritsenvironment)inorderto
acquireaterritorialuserightthathasvalue.
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