Teratological Testing PDF
Preview Teratological Testing
Teratological Testing Advances in the Study of Birth Defects VOLUME 2 Teratological Testing EDITED BY T. V. N. Persaud ~ MTPPRESS LIMITED International Medical Publishers Published by MTP Press Limited Falcon House Lancaster, England Copyright © 1979 MTP Press Limited Soltcover reprint 01 the hardcover 1st edition 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Advances in the study of birth defects Vol. 2: Teratological testing 1. Abnormalities, Human 2. Abnormalities (Animals) I. Persaud, T V N 616'.043 QL691 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6653-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6651-5 001: 10.1007/978-94-011-6651-5 Preface The study of birth defects has assumed an importance even greater now than in the past because mortality rates attributed to congenital anomalies have declined far less than those for other causes of death, such as infectious and nutritional diseases. It is estimated that as many as 50% of all pregnancies terminate as miscarriages. In the majority of cases this is the result of faulty development. Major congenital malformations are found in at least 2% of all liveborn infants, and 22% of all stillbirths and infant deaths are associated with severe congenital anomalies. Teratological studies of an experimental nature are neither ethical nor justifiable in humans. Numerous investigations have been carried out in laboratory animals and other experimental models in order to improve our understanding of abnormal intra-uterine development. In less than two decades the field of experimental teratology has advanced phenomenally. As a result of the wide range of information that is now accumulating, it has become possible to obtain an insight into the causes, mec.;hanisms and prevention of birth defects. However, considerable work will be needed before these problems can be resolved. The· contributions in this volume deal primarily with the areas of terato logical evaluation and the use of selected animal models for the study of con genital anomalies. It is not only a documentation of the latest experimental work, but it also indicates new and important areas for future research. I am most grateful to the distinguished panel of contributors. Their en thusiasm and cooperation have made this volume possible. My sincere thanks are due to the publishers, especially Mr D. G. T. Bloomer, Managing Director, MTP Press Limited, for their encouragement and for extending to me every kindness. Finally, I am much indebted to my secretary, Mrs Barbara Clune, who has lightened the burden of editing this book. Winnipeg, Canada T. V. N. Persaud September, 1978 v Contents Preface v list of contributors ix 1 Primate teratology: selection of species and future use A. G. Hendrickx and P. E. Binkerd 2 Usefulness of Golden Syrian hamster in experimental teratology with particular reference to the induction of orofacial malformations R. M. Shah 25 3 Morphogenetic systems and the central phenomena of teratology R. Jelinek and Z. Rychter 41 4 Some problems of chemical teratogenesis S. Sandor and Maria Checiu 69 5 Cyclophosphamide treatment prior to implantation: the effects on embryonic development H. Spielmann, H.-G. Eibs and Ursula Jacob-Muller 95 6 Effects of steroid sex hormones on the development of early mouse embryos in vitro and in vivo H.-G. Eibs, H. Spielmann, Margret Hagele andJ. Klose 113 7 Hormonal teratogenesis in mammary glands of the mouse K. Hoshino 139 8 Reproductive and teratological studies with prostaglandins T. V. N. Persaud 161 9 Percutaneous embryotoxicity testing of chemicals E. F. Stula 179 vii TERATOLOGICAL TESTING 10 Effects of mycotoxins on development R.D.Hood 191 11 Embryotoxicity of polybrominated biphenyls A. R. Beaudoin 211 12 Acute alcohol intoxication in the pregnant rat L. A. Kennedy and T. V. N. Persaud 223 13 Experimental studies on the influence of male alcoholism on testicular function, pregnancy and progeny R. W. Klassen and T. V. N. Persaud 239 14 Teratogenicity of inhalation anaesthetic agents W. D. B. Pope 257 15 Effects of prenatal exposure to ultrasound M. R. Sikov and B. P. Hildebrand 267 16 Clinical and experimental aspects of prenatal virus infections A. B. G. Lansdown 293 17 Environmental effects on normogenesis and teratogenesis, with special regard to noise and vibration J. Fanghanel and G.-H. Schumacher 325 Index 353 viii List of contributors A. R. BEAUDOIN B. P. HILDEBRAND Department of Anatomy Engineering Physics Department 4614 Medical Science II Battelle The University of Michigan Pacific Northwest Laboratory Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA Richland, Washington 99352, USA P. E. BINKERD R. D. HOOD California Primate Research Center Department of Biology University of California The University of Alabama Davis, California 95616, USA P.O. Box 1927 University, Alabama 35486, USA M. CHECIU Laboratory of Embryology K. HOSHI NO Center of Hygiene and Public Health Department of Anatomy 1900 Timisoara Kyoto University Bv. Mihai Viteazul 24, Romania Faculty of Medicine Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan H.-G. EIBS U. JACOB-MOLLER Institut fur Toxikologie und Embryonal Institut fur Toxikologie und Embryonal Pharmakologie Pharmakologie Freie Universitiit Berlin Freie Universitiit Berlin Garystrasse 9 Garystrasse 9 D-l000 Berlin 33, West Germany D-l000 Berlin 33, West Germany J. FANGHANEL R. JELINEK Anatomisches Institut Institute of Experimental Medicine Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitiit Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Friedrich-Loeffler-Strasse 23c Legerova 61, 12000 Praha 2, DDR-22 Greifswald Czechoslovakia German Democratic Republic L. A. KENNEDY M. HAGELE Department of Anatomy Institut fUr Toxikologie und Embryonal University of Manitoba Pharmakologie 730 William Avenue Freie Universitiit Berlin Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW3 Garystrasse 9 D-l000 Berlin 33, West Germany R. W. KLASSEN Department of Anatomy A. G. HENDRICKX Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry California Primate Research Center University of Manitoba University of California 730 William Avenue Davis, California 95616, USA Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW3 ix TERATOLOGICAL TESTING J. KLOSE S.SANDOR Institut fUr Toxikologie und Embryonal L<;Iboratory of Embryology Pharmakologie Center of Hygiene and Public Health Freie Universitat Berlin 1900 Timisoara Garystrasse 9 Bv. Mihai Viteazul 24, Romania 0-1000 Berlin 33, West Germany G.-H. SCHUMACHER A. B. G. LANSDOWN Anatomisches Institut, Bereich Medizin Department of Pathology der Wilhelm-Pieck-Universitat Rostock Wyeth Laboratories Limited Gertrudenstrasse 9, DDR 25 Rostock Taplow, Berkshire, England German Democratic Republic T. V. N. PERSAUD R. M.SHAH Department of Anatomy Faculty of Dentistry Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry The University of British Columbia University of Manitoba Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1W5 730 William Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW3 M. R. SIKOV Biology Department, Batelle, P.O. Box 999 Richland, Washington 99352, USA W. D. B. POPE Department of Anaesthesia Faculty of Medicine H. SPIELMANN University of Manitoba Institut fUr Toxikologie und Embryonal 700 William Avenue Pharmakologie Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OZ3 Freie Universitat Berlin, Garystrasse 9 0-1000 Berlin 33, West Germany Z. RYCHTER Department of Histology E. F. STULA Faculty of General Medicine Haskell laboratory for Charles University Toxicology and Industrial Medicine Albertov 4, 12800 Praha 2 E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Inc. Czechoslovakia Wilmington, Delaware 19898, USA x 1 Primate teratology: selection of species and future use* A. G. HENDRICKX AND P. E. BINKERD INTRODUCTION The devastating effects of the thalidomide episode of several years ago has led to a wide search for suitable animal models in which to study the aetiology of human birth defects. With the discovery that several species. of nonhuman primates showed unusual similarities to the thalidomide malformation syn drome in man at comparable doses and similar exposure periods during early development, this order of mammals was scrutinized more closely for its potential as an animal model for teratological studies. The nonhuman primate appears to be an especially appropriate model for testing environmental agents that may be teratogenic to man because of its ranking· on the evolutionary scale. Its major role is that of serving as an additional species in cases of questionable results in commonly used labora tory animals (e.g. rats, mice and rabbits) and in the screening of selected drugs and other agents1•2• Until recently, species availability has been the primary criterion for selection of a particular nonhuman primate as an animal model for the study of pathogenesis and mechanisms of commonly occurring mal formations. However, conservation measures taken by many countries in which nonhuman primates occur naturally have begun to limit both the numbers and the varieties of these valuable research animals. This has led to more judicious use of primates in biomedical research, and more importantly, to the development of breeding programmes which will assure the continued availability of these species as long as they are appropriately used. The use of nonhuman primates in teratological research will remain of high priority; therefore, the use of the most appropriate species for each particular problem becomes of paramount importance. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss some of the most salient features that may be of value in species selection for teratological studies, namely, reproductive physiology, embryology, teratogenicity, metabolism, and the * Research conducted by authors cited herein, supported by NIH grants and contracts RROOJ69, HD08658, DE03927, and NOJ-HD-J-2088 -I m ::1J ~ 5 Gl ~ r -I m C/l ::::l z Gl s) u at d u a c si s a r c o mates used in research Species spp. Tupaia spp. Lemur NYC~iCebus sp. Lorzs Bushbaby and (Galago senegelensis Galag Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Capuchin and C. (Cebus albifrons appella) Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) Spider monkey spp.) (Ateles Green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) Mangabey spp.) (Cercocebus Crab-eating monkey (Macacafasicularis) Japanese monkey (Macacafuscata) Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina) Bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) Stump-tailed monkey (Macaca speciosa) Baboon spp.) (Papio spp.) Gibbon (Hylobates GOrilla (Gorilla gorilla) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Man (Homo sapiens) pri [ [1 Classification of nonhuman Common Name Tree shrews Lemurs Lorises CI G a agos Tarsiers {W Id k da~N ew or mon eys e--Old World monkeys Lesser apes Great apes------ Man Table l.l Family Tupaiidae Lemuridae Indriidae Da~b.entonidae LorlSIdae Tarsiidae allitrichiebidae-----l ercopithecida Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae Suborder Prosimii Anthropoida e Order Primates he literatur m t o Fr N
The list of books you might like
