Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems: Materials, Methods and Applications

316 Pages·2022·11.642 MB·English

by  Sudipta Das, Anveshkumar Nella, Shobhit K. Patel

Sudipta Das
Anveshkumar Nella
Shobhit K. Patel   Editors
Terahertz
Devices,
Circuits and
Systems
Materials, Methods and Applications
Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems
· ·
Sudipta Das Anveshkumar Nella Shobhit K. Patel
Editors
Terahertz Devices, Circuits
and Systems
Materials, Methods and Applications
Editors
Sudipta Das Anveshkumar Nella
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering and Communication Engineering
IMPS College of Engineering VIT Bhopal University
and Technology Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Malda, West Bengal, India
Shobhit K. Patel
Department of Computer Engineering
Marwadi University
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
ISBN 978-981-19-4104-7 ISBN 978-981-19-4105-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4105-4
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Preface
In these modern times, the growing applications in communication, sensing, security,
safety, spectroscopy, manufacturing, bio-medical, agriculture, imaging, etc. demand
for higher resolution, greater speeds, and wider bandwidth support. Thanks to THz
technology that makes it possible due to its enormous advantages like non-ionizing
signal nature, compactness, higher resolution, spatial directivity, high-speed commu-
nication, and greater bandwidth. Since the THz radiation covers frequencies from
0.1THz to around 10THz and is highly attenuated by atmospheric gases, it is mainly
used in short-distance applications.
This book is aimed to bring the emerging application aspects of THz technology
and various modules used for its successful realization. It gathers scientific tech-
nological novelties and advancements already developed or under development in
the academic and research communities. This work focuses on recent advances,
different research issues in terahertz technology and would also seek out theoretical,
methodological, well-established, and validated empirical work dealing with these
different topics. The book chapters cover a very vast audience from basic science to
engineering, technology experts, and learners. This could eventually work as a text-
book for engineering and communication technology students or science master’s
programs and for researchers as well. The chapters of this book also serve the common
public interest by presenting new methods for application areas of technology, its
working, and its effect on the environment and human health, etc.
In particular, this textbook covers design considerations and current trends of THz
antennas and antenna arrays to deal with the transmission and reception of THz EM
waves. It also presents a discussion on metamaterial structures, meta-surfaces, and
absorbers to be used for some kind of sensing and detection applications. Further-
more, it reports on THz wireless communication aspects, 6G network issues and
challenges, advantages, and disadvantages, generation and detection of THz waves,
Signal and Communication Processing for THz communication, reconfigurable low-
noise amplifier (LNA) design, III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications, photonic
crystal fiber for sensing applications, THz Design Variable Estimation by Deep
Optimization, and THz Imaging issues.
v
vi Preface
Once the readers finish study of this book then they will learn about the impor-
tance of THz technology, advancement in the field, applications, THz modules like
antennas, MIMO and DRAs, communication aspects, LNAs, generation of THz
waves, etc., and future scope. It also leads to enhancement in their knowledge in THz
technology, gives a platform to future technology and novel applications realization.
Malda, West Bengal, India Sudipta Das
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Anveshkumar Nella
Rajkot, Gujarat, India Shobhit K. Patel
Contents
High-Efficiency Hexagonal-Shaped Quad Element MIMO
Antenna for Terahertz Applications ................................. 1
Ajit Kumar Singh, Santosh Kumar Mahto, Praveen Kumar,
and Rashmi Sinha
An Ultra-Thin Octad-Band THz Metamaterial Absorber
with Polarization-Insensitivity for Sensor Applications ................ 19
Kanwar Preet Kaur, Trushit Upadhyaya, and Yogeshwar Kosta
A Terahertz-Based Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Hemoglobin
Detection with High Q Factor and Low Figure of Merit ............... 41
Jaymit Surve, Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Tanvirjah Parmar,
and Juveriya Parmar
Design and Analysis of a CPW-Fed Fractal MIMO THz Antenna
Using an Array of Parasitic Elements ................................ 53
K. Vasu Babu, Gorre Naga Jyothi Sree, S. V. Kumari, and Sudipta Das
Generation and Detection of Free-Space Terahertz Waveforms ........ 61
Afam Uzorka, Yakubu Ajiji Makeri, and Mustaqeem Khan
Design of a Frequency Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifier
for the Terahertz Band ............................................. 99
Imane Halkhams, Wafae El Hamdani, and Mohammed Fattah
SIMO Array Characterized THz Antenna Resonating
at Multiband Ultra High Frequency Range for 6G Wireless
Applications ...................................................... 121
K. C. Rajarajeshwari, T. Poornima, K. R. Gokul Anand, and S. V. Kumari
Design and Analysis of a Tri-band Dielectric Resonator Antenna
for Terahertz Applications .......................................... 137
Sarosh Ahmad, Omaima Benkhadda, Ayesha Akram, and Mohamed Saih
vii
viii Contents
III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications ............................ 149
Jenifer Manta, G. Purnachandra Rao, Trupti Ranjan Lenka,
Madhuchanda Choudhury, and Hieu Pham Trung Nguyen
An Analysis on Wireless Communication in 6G THz Network
and Their Challenges .............................................. 167
Rachit Jain, Kratika Aole, Shivani Mittal, and Pinku Ranjan
Antennas for THz Communication: Fundamentals, Design
Structures, and Current Trends ..................................... 183
Sunil Lavadiya, Vishal Sorathiya, Kavan Dave, and S. V. Kumari
Compact Photonic Crystal Fiber for Sensing Applications
in the THz Regime ................................................. 205
N. Ayyanar, Abinash Panda, S. Rajaram, D. Vigneswaran,
and Puspa D. Pukhrambam
Study and Design of the Terahertz Antenna Array .................... 225
Salah-Eddine Didi, Imane Halkhams, Fattah Mohammed,
Younes Balboul, Said Mazer, and Moulhime E. L. Bekkali
Micromachined Terahertz Metamaterials ............................ 243
K. A. Karthigeyan, A. Elakkiya, E. Manikandan, and R. Indhu
THz Design Variable Estimation by Deep Optimization Prior .......... 253
L. Sathish Kumar, B. Sathish Kumar, A. Padmapriya,
and S. P. Balakannan
Terahertz Imaging: Timeline and Future Prospects ................... 267
Gargi Srivastava and Sajal Agarwal
Advances in Signal and Communication Processing
for Ultra-High-Speed Terahertz Communications .................... 289
Mohamed Moussaoui and Mohamed El Jbari
Terahertz Antennas – Review and Design ............................ 305
Prapti R. Pandya, M. Sarada Devi, and Namrata Langhnoja
High-Efficiency Hexagonal-Shaped Quad
Element MIMO Antenna for Terahertz
Applications
Ajit Kumar Singh, Santosh Kumar Mahto, Praveen Kumar,
and Rashmi Sinha
1 Introduction
The current scenario for wireless communication is to achieve higher data rate, higher
capacity, high resolution, and low latency [1]. Terahertz communications ranging
from 0.3 to 10 THz, could be a crucial wireless technology to meet future wireless
applications [2, 3]. In recent years, researchers have focused their efforts on unlocking
and utilizing the broader portions of available bandwidth in shorter wavelength tera-
hertz transmission for civilian and commercial realms. However, THz communica-
tions, are coupled with crucial difficulties such as very high propagation route loss
and attenuation, in addition to potential opportunities. As a result, THz communica-
tion is primarily intended for use in interior environments. It can, however, also be
used for outdoor communications in the form of tiny cellular networks [4–6].
The need for micro-/nano-sized THz antennas has spawned a slew of new diffi-
culties and opportunities that will undoubtedly aid antenna technology growth. Due
to its minimal expense, design simplicity, lightweight, and tiny size, the microstrip
antenna has turned into a focal point for terahertz applications as planar technology
has grown in popularity. Despite its many benefits, it has a small bandwidth, which
restricts its use in the THz range. The goal is to design compact, less bulky antennas
with a large bandwidth for THz frequency application.
B
A. K. Singh ( ) · S. K. Mahto
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
e-mail: [email protected]
S. K. Mahto
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Kumar · R. Sinha
National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Sinha
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 1
S. Das et al. (eds.), Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4105-4_1
2 A.K.Singhetal.
In the literature several compact THz antennas have been proposed with lesser
bandwidths of 5.85% [7], 8.2% [8], 3.78% [9], and 6.67% [10], limiting their suit-
ability for wideband short-range THz communications. In [11, 12], a microstrip
patch antenna was proposed on photonic crystal for THz applications. The antenna
achieved an impedance bandwidth of 36.25 GHz [11] and 0.3 THz [12] with a
dimension of 800 × 600 µm2 and 600 × 600 µm2, respectively. A frequency selec-
tive surface microstrip patch antenna based on photonic crystals was proposed [13].
Singh [14] suggested a 0.35 THz impedance bandwidth microstrip patch antenna
on an electromagnetic crystal substrate for THz applications. In [15, 16], unslotted
simple rectangular patch antenna was proposed on RT/Duroid 6006 substrate with
an area of 1000 × 1000 µm2 [15] and 1200 × 460 µm2 [16], respectively. Adding
superstrate [17] and incorporating slots on patch [18] was proposed for THz appli-
cations. Also, a multilayer array antenna was proposed in [19] on RT/Duroid 6006
substrate for sub-THz applications.
The articles presented here only used a single antenna element, and they also
dealt with fading issues in the THz frequency region. The spatial diversity MIMO
approach can easily overcome the problem of signal fading. In this case, a four-
element MIMO antenna with an impedance bandwidth of 0.114 THz and isolation
of less than −17 dB but a massive antenna dimension of 2000 ×1000 × 64 µm3 [20].
A UWB MIMO patch antenna with a dimension of 1600 × 800 µm2 that operates
in the 0.618–1 THz frequency band was proposed in [21].
This inspired us to develop a microstrip 2 × 2 MIMO antenna with a large
frequency range and increased diversity performance in the THz frequency band. A
four-element spatial diversity MIMO THz antenna is proposed in this article, which
takes up less space and has a wider impedance bandwidth. The goal of selecting a
MIMO antenna is to benefit from its multipath properties, which enable higher data
speeds, less interference, expanded coverage, and improved signal dependability by
preventing fading.
The design antenna’s detailed structure is discussed in Sect. 2. The antenna’s simu-
lated performance is examined and explained in Sects. 3 and 4. Section 5 discusses
the antenna’s diversity performance. Section 6 analyzed the path loss and channel
capacity in terahertz communication systems. The article ends with Sect. 7.
2 Antenna Design Layout
Figure 1a, b shows the single element hexagonal-shaped antenna, which is used for
the MIMO configuration. The proposed antenna is intended for THz region, that’s
why dimensions of the hexagonal shape radiator will be less. In order to achieve
this, it must have the thinnest substrate possible. The proposed MIMO antenna has a
copper and substrate thickness of 35 µm and 55 µm, respectively, and a total volume
of 700 × 700 × 55 µm3. The optimum dimensions for a single element in Table 1
are calculated using traditional antenna theory equations from [22–24]. Because the
values derived from [22–24] are not always exact, the precise values are established