TEMPORARY STRUCTURES IN CONSTRUCTION This page intentionally left blank TEMPORARY STRUCTURES IN CONSTRUCTION Robert T. Ratay Editor in Chief Third Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-175308-1 MHID: 0-07-175308-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-175307-4, MHID: 0-07-175307-9. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill. com. 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To Elyse who couldn’t care less about engineering, and to Scott for whom there is still hope This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE EDITOR Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E., is a structural engineer in private practice in New York with nearly 50 years of design, construction, and teaching experi- ence, and an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University. His current practice and teaching are focused on the investigation and litigation support of structural and construction failures. Dr. Ratay has been an expert consultant/witness for engineers, contractors, owners, attorneys, and insurance companies in the investigation and litigation support of nearly 100 cases of temporary structure and other construction failures. Earlier in his career, he had worked with such prominent engineering firms as Le Messurier Associates, Severud Associates, and HNTB, and had been Professor and Chairman of the Civil Engineering Department, then Dean of the School of Engineering at Pratt Institute, and Professor at Polytechnic University (formerly Brooklyn Polytech). Dr. Ratay has lectured extensively at conferences and seminars in the US and abroad, and published in US and international journals on temporary structures in construc- tion and on structural and construction failures. In addition to the three editions of the Temporary Structures in Construction, he is also the Editor in Chief of two other books: Structural Condition Assessment and Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, published in 2005 and 2010, respec- tively. Dr. Ratay has served on and chaired several technical committees, including an advisory committee of the Federal Highway Administration to tighten regulations for temporary structures. He is the originator of the effort and chairman of the committee that developed and maintains the SEI/ASCE 37, Design Loads on Structures during Construction Standard. In 2003, he was named by Engineering News-Record as one of the Top Newsmakers 2003 who “made a mark in the construction industry”; in 2010, he received the Palotás Award of the Federation International du Beton from the Hungarian Group of fib “for his very valuable achievements in the field of structural concrete”; in 2011 he was named by Structural Engineer magazine as one of the Power List of 10 “individuals who bring progress and passion to the structural engineering field.” Dr. Ratay is a Life Member and Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), former member of the Board of Governors of its Structural Engineering Institute (SEI), and a Fellow of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) where he formed and chairs the Working Group on Forensic Structural Engineering, and he serves on the Editorial Advisory Panel of the Forensic Engineering Journal of the British Institution of Civil Engineers (CE). This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface xiii Suggestions to the Instructor xvii Part 1 Business, Safety, and Legal Aspects Chapter 1. Professional and Business Practices John S. Deerkoski, P.E., S.E., P.P. 1.3 Chapter 2. Standards, Codes, and Regulations John F. Duntemann, P.E., S.E. 2.1 Chapter 3. Construction and Environmental Loads Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E. 3.1 Chapter 4. Construction Site Safety Mohammad Ayub, P.E., S.E. 4.1 Chapter 5. Legal Aspects Robert A. Rubin, Esq., P.E., Sarah B. Biser, Esq., and Gary Strong, Esq. 5.1 Part 2 Design, Construction, and Maintenance Chapter 6. Cofferdams Ben C. Gerwick, Jr., P.E. (dec.) and Patrick E. Durnal, P.E., MEng. 6.3 Chapter 7. Earth-Retaining Structures John J. Peirce, P.E., D.GE and Thomas J. Tuozzolo, P.E. 7.1 Chapter 8. Diaphragm/Slurry Walls GianCarlo Santarelli, Civil Engineer 8.1 Chapter 9. Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control Arthur B. Corwin, P.E., Paul C. Schmall, P.E., D.GE and Robert G. Lenz, P.E. 9.1 ix