temporary structures

776 Pages·2013·16.69 MB·English

Kin gdom Of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs

Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs

MOMRA
Bridges, Tunnels, Culverts and Pedestrian
Bridges Specifications in Urban Areas

Design Specifications

MA 100-D-V1/2

2013
Kin gdom Of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs

Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs

Introduction

As for the importance and vitality of road constructions and the need to control them
so as to perform their function in an appropriate way throughout their service age . So
many countries and Organizations had prepared specifications for design and
construction these structures. These Specifications were differed from one another
according to the environment and the nature of the climate. For instance some
organizations and societies in U.S.A. Such as the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). These organizations and societies
have improved and updated design specification. In the same way each state in U.S.A.
has developed its own specification mainly based on AASHTO specification and
refers to them In different situations , but they will be suitable for the circumstances
of the State that has improved them. As for K.S.A. which is one of the countries that has
a large transportation network and many road structures, so the necessity arose to
prepare suitable specification for these structures to suit the environmental
circumstances and the transportation policy that has adopted in K.S.A. So the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia representative in the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has taken
the role of collecting the specification under the title Bridges ,Tunnels ,culverts ,
pedestrian bridges in the urban areas.
These specifications include the following:
1- Preliminary studies
2-Design specifications
3-Construction specifications

The ministry has also updated codes for both bridges and culverts manuals according to
the new specifications.
Kin gdom Of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs

Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs

Specifications Books

1 Preliminary studies MA 100-P-V1/1

2 Construction specifications MA 100-C-V1/1
3 Design specifications MA 100- D- V1/2

4 Design specifications MA 100-D- V2/2
Kin gdom Of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of municipal & Rural Affairs

Deputy Ministry for Technical Affairs
MOMRA Bridges Design Specifications TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... I
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
1.1. SCOPE OF THE SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................ 1
1.2. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. General .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Limit States ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.2.2. Service Limit State ...................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.3. Fatigue and Fracture Limit State ................................................................................. 5
1.3.2.4. Strength limit state ...................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.5. Extreme Event Limit States ........................................................................................ 5
1.3.3. Ductility ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3.4. Redundancy ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.5. Operational Importance..................................................................................................... 7
1.4. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 8
SECTION 2. GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES .............. 9
2.1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.3. LOCATION FEATURES ................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1. Route Location ................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.1.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1.2. Waterway and Floodplain Crossings ........................................................................ 11
2.3.2. Bridge Site Arrangement ................................................................................................ 12
2.3.2.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2.2. Traffic Study Requirement for the intersections: ...................................................... 13
2.3.2.3. Traffic Safety ............................................................................................................ 14
2.3.3. Clearances ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3.1. Navigational .............................................................................................................. 15
2.3.3.2. Highway Vertical ...................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3.3. Highway Horizontal .................................................................................................. 15
2.3.3.4. Railroad Overpass ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4. Environment .................................................................................................................... 16
2.4. REQUIREMENTS OF UTILITIES STUDY, FUTURE AND EXISTING ................... 17
2.5. FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION .................................................................................. 18
2.5.1. General ............................................................................................................................ 18
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2.5.2. Topographic Studies ....................................................................................................... 18
2.6. DESIGN OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1. Safety .............................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.2. Serviceability .................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.2.1. Durability ................................................................................................................. 18
2.6.2.2. Inspectability ............................................................................................................ 19
2.6.2.3. Maintainability ......................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2.4. Rideability ................................................................................................................ 20
2.6.2.5. Utilities ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2.6. Deformations ............................................................................................................ 20
2.6.2.7. Consideration of Future Widening ........................................................................... 25
2.6.3. Constructibility ............................................................................................................... 25
2.6.4. Economy......................................................................................................................... 26
2.6.4.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 26
2.6.4.2. Alternative Plans ...................................................................................................... 26
2.6.5. Bridge Aesthetics ........................................................................................................... 26
2.7. HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS .............................................................................. 27
2.7.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 27
2.7.2. Site Data ......................................................................................................................... 28
2.7.3. Hydrologic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 29
2.7.4. Hydraulic Analysis ......................................................................................................... 29
2.7.4.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 29
2.7.4.2. Stream Stability ........................................................................................................ 29
2.7.4.3. Bridge Waterway...................................................................................................... 30
2.7.4.4. Bridge Foundations .................................................................................................. 30
2.7.4.5. Roadway Approaches to Bridge ............................................................................... 33
2.7.5. Culvert Location, Length, and Waterway Area .............................................................. 33
2.7.6. Roadway Drainage ......................................................................................................... 34
2.7.6.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 34
2.7.6.2. Design Storm ............................................................................................................ 34
2.7.6.3. Type, Size, and Number of Drains ........................................................................... 34
2.7.6.4. Discharge from Deck Drains .................................................................................... 35
2.7.6.5. Drainage of Structures .............................................................................................. 35
2.8. BRIDGE SECURITY ......................................................................................................... 35
2.8.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.8.2. Design Demand .............................................................................................................. 36
2.9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 36
SECTION 3. LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS ............................................... 37
3.1. SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 37
3.2. DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................... 37
3.3. NOTATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 40
3.3.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 40
3.3.2. Load and Load Designation ........................................................................................... 46
3.4. LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS ....................................................... 47
3.4.1. Load Factors and Load Combinations ............................................................................ 47
3.4.2. Load Factors for Construction Loads ............................................................................. 51
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3.4.2.1. Evaluation at the Strength Limit State ...................................................................... 51
3.4.2.2. Evaluation of Deflection at the Service Limit State ................................................. 51
3.4.3. Load Factors for Jacking and Post-Tensioning Forces ................................................... 51
3.4.3.1. Jacking Forces ........................................................................................................... 51
3.4.3.2. Force for Post-Tensioning Anchorage Zones ........................................................... 51
3.5. PERMANENT LOADS ...................................................................................................... 52
3.5.1. Dead Loads: DC, DW, and EV ........................................................................................ 52
3.5.2. Earth Loads: EH, ES, and DD ......................................................................................... 52
3.6. LIVE LOADS ...................................................................................................................... 53
3.6.1. Gravity Loads: LL and PL .............................................................................................. 53
3.6.1.1. Vehicular Live Load ................................................................................................. 53
3.6.1.2. Design Vehicular Live Load ..................................................................................... 54
3.6.1.3. Application of Design Vehicular Live Loads ........................................................... 56
3.6.1.4. Fatigue Load ............................................................................................................. 58
3.6.1.5. Rail Transit Load ...................................................................................................... 59
3.6.1.6. Pedestrian Loads ....................................................................................................... 60
3.6.1.7. Loads on Railings ..................................................................................................... 60
3.6.2. Dynamic Load Allowance IM ......................................................................................... 61
3.6.2.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 61
3.6.2.2. Buried Components .................................................................................................. 61
3.6.3. Centrifugal Forces: CE.................................................................................................... 61
3.6.4. Braking Force: BR ........................................................................................................... 62
3.6.5. Vehicular Collision Force: CT ........................................................................................ 63
3.6.5.1. Protection of Structures............................................................................................. 63
3.6.5.2. Vehicle and Railway Collision with Structures ........................................................ 63
3.6.5.3. Vehicle Collision with Barriers ................................................................................ 63
3.7. WATER PRESSURE .......................................................................................................... 64
3.7.1. Static Pressure ................................................................................................................. 64
3.7.2. Buoyancy ........................................................................................................................ 64
3.7.3. Stream Pressure ............................................................................................................... 64
3.7.3.1. Longitudinal .............................................................................................................. 64
3.7.3.2. Lateral ....................................................................................................................... 64
3.7.4. Wave Load ...................................................................................................................... 65
3.7.5. Change in Foundations Due to Limit State for Scour ..................................................... 65
3.8. WIND LOAD ....................................................................................................................... 65
3.8.1. Horizontal Wind Pressure ............................................................................................... 65
3.8.1.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 65
3.8.1.2. Wind Pressure on Structures: WS ............................................................................. 67
3.8.1.3. Wind Pressure on Vehicles: WL ............................................................................... 69
3.8.2. Vertical Wind Pressure ................................................................................................... 69
3.8.3. Aeroelastic Instability ..................................................................................................... 70
3.8.3.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 70
3.8.3.2. Aeroelastic Phenomena ............................................................................................. 70
3.8.3.3. Control of Dynamic Responses ................................................................................ 70
3.8.3.4. Wind Tunnel Tests .................................................................................................... 71
3.9. EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS: EQ ....................................................................................... 71
3.9.1. General ............................................................................................................................ 71
3.9.2. Seismic Hazard ............................................................................................................... 72
3.9.2.1. General Procedure ..................................................................................................... 72
3.9.2.2. Site Specific Procedure ............................................................................................. 90
3.9.3. Site Effects ...................................................................................................................... 90
3.9.3.1. Site Class Definitions ................................................................................................ 91
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TABLE OF CONTENTS MOMRA Bridges Design Specifications
3.9.3.2. Site Factors ............................................................................................................... 93
3.9.4. Seismic Hazard Characterization ................................................................................... 94
3.9.4.1. Design Response Spectrum ...................................................................................... 94
3.9.4.2. Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient ...................................................................... 95
3.9.5. Importance Categories .................................................................................................... 96
3.9.6. Seismic Design Categories ............................................................................................. 96
3.9.7. Response Modification Factors ...................................................................................... 96
3.9.7.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 96
3.9.7.2. Application ............................................................................................................... 97
3.9.8. Combination of Seismic Force Effects ........................................................................... 98
3.9.9. Calculation of Design Forces ......................................................................................... 98
3.9.9.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 98
3.9.9.2. Seismic Design Category A ..................................................................................... 98
3.9.9.3. Seismic Design Category B ...................................................................................... 99
3.9.9.4. Seismic Design Categories C and D......................................................................... 99
3.9.9.5. Longitudinal Restrainers ........................................................................................ 103
3.9.9.6. Hold-Down Devices ............................................................................................... 103
3.9.10. Requirements for Temporary Bridges and Stage Construction .................................. 103
3.10. EARTH PRESSURE ...................................................................................................... 104
3.10.1. General ....................................................................................................................... 104
3.10.2. Compaction ................................................................................................................ 105
3.10.3. Presence of Water ....................................................................................................... 105
3.10.4. Effect of Earthquake ................................................................................................... 106
3.10.5. Earth Pressure: EH ..................................................................................................... 106
3.10.5.1. Lateral Earth Pressure .......................................................................................... 106
3.10.5.2. At-Rest Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, k ..................................................... 107
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3.10.5.3. Active Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, k ....................................................... 108
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3.10.5.4. Passive Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, k ..................................................... 110
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3.10.5.5. Equivalent-Fluid Method of Estimating Rankine Lateral Earth Pressures........... 112
3.10.5.6. Lateral Earth Pressures for Nongravity Cantilevered Walls ................................ 114
3.10.5.7. Apparent Earth Pressures (AEP) for Anchored Walls .......................................... 119
3.10.5.8. Lateral Earth Pressures for Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls (MSE walls) .. 122
3.10.5.9. Lateral Earth Pressures for Prefabricated Modular Walls .................................... 124
3.10.6. Surcharge Loads: ES and LS ...................................................................................... 126
3.10.6.1. Uniform Surcharge Loads (ES) ............................................................................ 126
3.10.6.2. Point, Line and Strip Loads (ES)— Walls Restrained from Movement .............. 126
3.10.6.3. Strip Loads (ES)—Flexible Walls ........................................................................ 129
3.10.6.4. Live Load Surcharge (LS) .................................................................................... 132
3.10.6.5. Reduction of Surcharge ........................................................................................ 133
3.10.7. Reduction Due to Earth Pressure ................................................................................ 133
3.10.8. Downdrag ................................................................................................................... 133
3.11. FORCE EFFECTS DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED DEFORMATIONS ...................... 134
3.11.1. General ....................................................................................................................... 134
3.11.2. Uniform Temperature ................................................................................................. 134
3.11.2.1. Design Thermal Movements ................................................................................ 135
3.11.3. Differential Shrinkage ................................................................................................ 135
3.11.4. Creep .......................................................................................................................... 135
3.11.5. Settlement ................................................................................................................... 136
3.11.6. Secondary Forces from Post-Tensioning, PS ............................................................. 136
3.12. FRICTION FORCES ..................................................................................................... 136
3.13. VESSEL COLLISION ................................................................................................... 136
3.13.1. General ....................................................................................................................... 136
3.13.2. Owner’s Responsibility .............................................................................................. 137
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MOMRA Bridges Design Specifications TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.13.3. Importance Categories ................................................................................................ 137
3.13.4. Design Vessel .............................................................................................................. 138
3.13.5. Annual Frequency of Collapse .................................................................................... 138
3.13.5.1. Vessel Frequency Distribution .............................................................................. 139
3.13.5.2. Probability of Aberrancy ....................................................................................... 140
3.13.5.3. Geometric Probability ........................................................................................... 142
3.13.5.4. Probability of Collapse ......................................................................................... 143
3.13.6. Design Collision Velocity ........................................................................................... 144
3.13.7. Vessel Collision Energy .............................................................................................. 145
3.13.8. Ship Collision Force on Pier ....................................................................................... 146
3.13.9. Ship Bow Damage Length .......................................................................................... 146
3.13.10. Ship Collision Force on Superstructure .................................................................... 146
3.13.10.1. Collision with Bow ............................................................................................. 146
3.13.10.2. Collision with Deck House ................................................................................. 147
3.13.10.3. Collision with Mast ............................................................................................. 147
3.13.11. Barge Collision Force on Pier ................................................................................... 148
3.13.12. Barge Bow Damage Length ...................................................................................... 148
3.13.13. Damage at the Extreme Limit State .......................................................................... 148
3.13.14. Application of Impact Force ..................................................................................... 149
3.13.14.1. Substructure Design ............................................................................................ 149
3.13.14.2. Superstructure Design ......................................................................................... 151
3.13.15. Protection of Substructures ....................................................................................... 151
3.13.16. Security Considerations ............................................................................................ 152
3.14. BLAST LOADING ......................................................................................................... 152
3.14.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 152
3.15. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 154
3.16. APPENDIX A3: OVERSTRENGTH RESISTANCE .................................................. 159
3.16.1. General ........................................................................................................................ 159
3.16.2. Column Size and Reinforcement Configuration ......................................................... 159
3.16.3. Increase in Reinforcement Strength ............................................................................ 159
3.16.4. Increase In Concrete Strength ..................................................................................... 159
3.16.5. Ultimate Compressive Strain ( ) ................................................................................ 160
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3.16.6. Over Strength Capacity ............................................................................................... 160
3.16.7. Shear Failure ............................................................................................................... 161
3.17. APPENDIX B3: COMMENTARIES ON ARTICLES ................................................ 162
3.17.1. Commentary on Article 3.4.1 ″ Load Factors and Load Combinations″ ................... 162
3.17.2. Commentary on Article 3.6.1.1.2 ″ Multiple Presence of Live Load″ ....................... 165
3.17.3. Commentary on Article 3.6.2.1 ″ Dynamic Load Allowance: IM, General″ ............. 166
3.17.4. Commentary on Article 3.7.3.1 ″ Stream Pressure, Longitudinal″ ............................ 167
3.17.5. Commentary on Article 3.8.1.1 ″ Horizontal Wind Pressure, General″ .................... 168
3.17.6. Commentary on Article 3.9.2.2 ″Site Specific Procedure″ ........................................ 168
3.17.7. Commentary on Article 3.10.5.3″ Active Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient, k ″ .... 169
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3.17.8. Commentary on Article 3.10.8 ″Downdrag″ .............................................................. 171
3.17.9. Commentary on Article 3.13.5.3 ″ Geometric Probability″ ....................................... 173
3.17.10. Commentary on Article 3.13.6 ″ Design Collision Velocity″ .................................. 173
3.17.11. Commentary on Article 3.13.8 ″Ship Collision Force on Pier″ ............................... 174
3.17.12. Commentary on Article 3.13.11″ Barge Collision Force on Pier″ ........................... 175
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TABLE OF CONTENTS MOMRA Bridges Design Specifications
SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ............... 177
4.1. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................... 177
4.2. DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................. 178
4.3. NOTATION ...................................................................................................................... 184
4.4. ACCEPTABLE METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ................................... 188
4.5. MATHEMATICAL MODELING .................................................................................. 189
4.5.1. General ......................................................................................................................... 189
4.5.2. Structural Material Behavior ........................................................................................ 190
4.5.2.1. Elastic versus Inelastic Behavior ............................................................................ 190
4.5.2.2. Elastic Behavior ..................................................................................................... 190
4.5.2.3. Inelastic Behavior ................................................................................................... 190
4.5.3. Geometry ...................................................................................................................... 191
4.5.3.1. Small Deflection Theory ........................................................................................ 191
4.5.3.2. Large Deflection Theory ........................................................................................ 191
4.5.4. Modeling Boundary Conditions ................................................................................... 194
4.5.5. Equivalent Members..................................................................................................... 195
4.6. STATIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 195
4.6.1. Influence of Plan Geometry ......................................................................................... 195
4.6.1.1. Plan Aspect Ratio ................................................................................................... 195
4.6.1.2. Structures Curved in Plan ....................................................................................... 196
4.6.2. Approximate Methods of Analysis ............................................................................... 198
4.6.2.1. Decks ...................................................................................................................... 198
4.6.2.2. Beam-Slab Bridges ................................................................................................. 204
4.6.2.3. Equivalent Strip Widths for Slab-Type Bridges ..................................................... 219
4.6.2.4. Truss and Arch Bridges .......................................................................................... 220
4.6.2.5. Effective Length Factor, K ..................................................................................... 220
4.6.2.6. Effective Flange Width .......................................................................................... 220
4.6.2.7. Lateral Wind Load Distribution in Multi-beam Bridges ........................................ 227
4.6.2.8. Seismic Lateral Load Distribution ......................................................................... 228
4.6.2.9. Analysis of Segmental Concrete Bridges ............................................................... 229
4.6.2.10. Equivalent Strip Widths for Box Culverts ........................................................... 231
4.6.3. Refined Methods of Analysis ....................................................................................... 232
4.6.3.1. General ................................................................................................................... 232
4.6.3.2. Decks ...................................................................................................................... 233
4.6.3.3. Beam-Slab Bridges ................................................................................................. 234
4.6.3.4. Cellular and Box Bridges ....................................................................................... 235
4.6.3.5. Truss Bridges ......................................................................................................... 235
4.6.3.6. Arch Bridges .......................................................................................................... 235
4.6.3.7. Cable-Stayed Bridges ............................................................................................. 236
4.6.3.8. Suspension Bridges ................................................................................................ 237
4.6.4. Redistribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Beam Bridges ............................ 237
4.6.4.1. General ................................................................................................................... 237
4.6.4.2. Refined Method ...................................................................................................... 237
4.6.4.3. Approximate Procedure .......................................................................................... 237
4.6.5. Stability ........................................................................................................................ 238
4.6.6. Analysis for Temperature Gradient .............................................................................. 238
4.7. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 238
4.7.1. Basic Requirements of Structural Dynamics ................................................................ 238
4.7.1.1. General ................................................................................................................... 238
4.7.1.2. Distribution of Masses ........................................................................................... 239
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