Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of zagros and makran during the mesozoic-cenozoic

367 Pages·2010·21.99 MB·English

by  P. Leturmy

Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran
during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic
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NICK ROBINS(UK)
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LETURMY,P.&ROBIN,C.(eds)2010.TectonicandStratigraphicEvolutionofZagrosandMakranduring
theMesozoic–Cenozoic.GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,330.
NAVABPOUR,P.,ANGELIER,J.&BARRIER,E.2010.MesozoicextensionalbrittletectonicsoftheArabian
passivemargin,invertedintheZagroscollision(Iran,interiorFars).In:LETURMY,P.&ROBIN,C.(eds)
TectonicandStratigraphicEvolutionofZagrosandMakranduringtheMesozoic–Cenozoic.Geological
Society,London,SpecialPublications,330,65–96.
GEOLOGICALSOCIETYSPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.330
Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and
Makran during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic
EDITEDBY
P. LETURMY
Universite´ deCergy-Pontoise,France
and
C. ROBIN
Universite´ deRennes1,France
2010
Publishedby
TheGeologicalSociety
London
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Acknowledgements
Thevolumeeditorswouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingcolleagueswhokindlyhelpedwithreviewing
thepaperssubmittedforthisvolume:
M.Allen C.Hollis R.Swennen
M.Bakalovicz J.Jackson P.VanderBeek
A.Bally E.Jaillard J.Vergne
O.Bellier E.A.Keller B.Vincent
R.Bendick M.Mattei R.Walker
J.P.Callot S.Nader L.Wallace
J.Cosgrove M.Pagel A.Zanchi
D.FrizondelaMotte J.L.Rudkievicz
K.Furlong C.Sue
TheGeologicalSurveyofIraniswarmlythankedforitssupportforthefieldworkperformedinIran.
The following companies are thanked for their participation as sponsors to the MEBE (Middle East
BasinsEvolution)Programmeandfortheircontributionstowardscolourprintingcosts:
Preface
The Middle East Basins Evolution (MEBE) by the Commissionfor the Geological Map ofthe
Programmewasa4yearconsortium(2003–2006) World (CGMW), showing the geodynamic and
funded by the major oil companies (BP, ENI, tectonic evolution of the Middle East between the
PETRONAS, SHELL and TOTAL) and by the Late Triassic and the present, and a series of four
French research organizations (INSU-CNRS and GeologicalSocietyofLondonSpecialPublications
UPMC).ThismultidisciplinarystudyoftheMiddle presenting the results of the regional MEBE
East, spanning the Arabian–Peri-Arabian and workinggroups.
Caucasian–Caspian areas, was led by E. Barrier The four volumes cover the Black Sea–
(CNRS–Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Caucasus, the South Caspian–central Iran, the
France)andM.Gaetani(UniversityofMilan,Italy). Zagros–East Arabian margin and the Levant. The
Itsfocuswasthegeodynamicevolutionofthearea, present volume presents new data and results on
particularlysincetheLatePalaeozoic,andempha- sedimentology, stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, tec-
sizeddating.Thisprovidedconsiderabledetailson tonics and kinematics in the Zagros fold belt and
the regional kinematics, plate-tectonic models and theadjacentMakranaccretionaryprism.Theteams
geodynamic evolutions of the area. The MEBE involved were sponsored either by the MEBE
Programme brought together about 300 scientists Programmeorbyotherprogrammes.
from 28 countries, representing 100 universities Thevolumecoveringthegeodynamicevolution
andresearchorganizations. oftheregionfromtheSouthCaspianBasintonorth-
To prepare regional syntheses, the MEBE ern and central Iran, entitled South Caspian to
Programmeestablishedeightworkinggroupscom- Central Iran Basins, is edited by M. F. Brunet
prising MEBE participants and external regional (CNRS, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris,
specialists. The MEBE working groups were France),M.Wilmsen(Friedrich-Alexander-Univer-
focusedregionally(Zagros,SouthCaspianBasin– sita¨t, Erlangen–Nu¨rnberg, Germany) and J. W.
central Iran, Caucasus, Black Sea, Levantine and Granath (Granath & Associates Consulting
East Arabian margins) and on products (strati- Geology, USA). The volume presents detailed
graphic comparisons, lithospheric cross-sections). results of new fieldwork on the South Caspian
From 2003 to 2005, 26 scientific projects were Basin, which is among the deepest sedimentary
fundedin14countriesoftheMiddleEast,including basins in the world, and more precisely on the
theBlackSea,Caucasus,northernIran,theZagros, margins of the South Caspian Basin, where inver-
theArabianmarginsandtheLevantdomains. sion during the Cenozoic stages of the Arabia–
AbouthalfoftheMEBEprojectswerelocatedin Eurasia collision has exposed the rock record in
Iran because of the pivotal importance of several the Alborz, Koppeh Dagh and Binalud mountains
regionsofthiscountrytobothscientificandhydro- in northern Iran, as well as the eastern extent of
carbon interests, aswellasthe continuous support theGreaterCaucasus.
bytheGeologicalSurveyofIran(GSI). The volume covering the Black Sea to the
Workshops were a key element in the MEBE Caucasus, entitled Sedimentary Basin Tectonics
Programme. The first one was held in Kiev in from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian
February 2006 by the Black Sea Working Group; Platform,isbeingeditedbyR.Stephenson(Univer-
the Caucasus Working Group met in Ankara in sityofAberdeen,UK),N.Kaymakci(MiddleEast
September 2006. A programme-wide workshop in TechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey),M.Sosson
MilaninDecember2006gatheredtheZagros,East (CNRS,UniversityofNice,France),V.Starostenko
Arabianmargin,SouthCaspianBasin–centralIran (Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of
and Stratigraphic Comparisons MEBE Working SciencesofUkraine,Kiev,Ukraine)andF.Bergerat
Groups. The last workshop was held in Paris in (CNRS–Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris,
December 2006 by the Levant Working Group. France). The volume presents detailed results of
AnimportantdocumentationoftheMEBEactivities newfieldwork,aswellassynthesesofthetectonic
wasgivenduringthe2007EGUGeneralAssembly evolution of the Black Sea–Caucasus area
inVienna,whereaspecialMEBEsessionwasheld. (Greater Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus, South and
The results of the programme, as well as the East Anatolia, margins of the Black Sea) con-
MEBEGISdatabase,werepresentedbywayof70 strained by an integration of the newly obtained
communications during the final MEBE meeting andpreviouslypublisheddata.
heldattheUniversite´ PierreetMarieCurie(Paris) The fourth volume, Evolution of the Levant
in December 2007. The principal MEBE products Margin and Western Arabia Platform since the
are an atlas of 14 palaeotectonic maps, published Mesozoic,editedbyC.Homberg(Universite´Pierre
viii PREFACE
et Marie Curie, Paris, France) and M. Bachmann data at inter-regional scales and a considerable
(University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany), will advanceintheknowledgeoftheregionalgeology.
cover improvements in our knowledge of the tec- These results will strongly contribute to new
tonic, stratigraphic and environmental evolution interpretations of the geodynamic evolution of the
of the Levant Basin and its margins since the wholeMiddleEast.
Mesozoic.
Insummary,theMEBEProgrammeprovidesa PASCALE LETURMY
significant contribution of high-quality geological CE´CILEROBIN
Contents
Acknowledgements vi
Preface vii
LETURMY,P.&ROBIN,C.TectonicandstratigraphicevolutionofZagrosandMakranduring 1
theMesozoic–Cenozoic:introduction
PAUL,A.,HATZFELD,D.,KAVIANI,A.,TATAR,M.&PE´QUEGNAT,C.Seismicimagingofthe 5
lithosphericstructureoftheZagrosmountainbelt(Iran)
HATZFELD,D.,AUTHEMAYOU,C.,VAN DERBEEK,P.,BELLIER,O.,LAVE´,J.,OVEISI,B., 19
TATAR,M.,TAVAKOLI,F.,WALPERSDORF,A.&YAMINI-FARD,F.Thekinematicsofthe
ZagrosMountains(Iran)
REGARD,V.,HATZFELD,D.,MOLINARO,M.,AUBOURG,C.,BAYER,R.,BELLIER,O., 43
YAMINI-FARD,F.,PEYRET,M.&ABBASSI,M.ThetransitionbetweenMakransubductionand
theZagroscollision:recentadvancesinitsstructureandactivedeformation
NAVABPOUR,P.,ANGELIER,J.&BARRIER,E.Mesozoicextensionalbrittletectonicsofthe 65
Arabianpassivemargin,invertedintheZagroscollision(Iran,interiorFars)
AUBOURG,C.,SMITH,B.,ESHRAGHI,A.,LACOMBE,O.,AUTHEMAYOU,C.,AMROUCH,K., 97
BELLIER,O.&MOUTHEREAU,F.Newmagneticfabricdataandtheircomparisonwith
palaeostressmarkersintheWesternFarsArc(Zagros,Iran):tectonicimplications
LETURMY,P.,MOLINARO,M. &FRIZON DE LAMOTTE,D.Structure,timingand 121
morphologicalsignatureofhiddenreversebasementfaultsintheFarsArcoftheZagros(Iran)
BURBERRY,C.M.,COSGROVE,J. W.&LIU,J.-G.Astudyoffoldcharacteristicsand 139
deformationstyleusingtheevolutionofthelandsurface:ZagrosSimplyFoldedBelt,Iran
EMAMI,H.,VERGE´S,J.,NALPAS,T.,GILLESPIE,P.,SHARP,I.,KARPUZ,R.,BLANC,E.P. 155
&GOODARZI,M.G.H.StructureoftheMountainFrontFlexurealongtheAnaran
anticlineinthePusht-eKuhArc(NWZagros,Iran):insightsfromsandboxmodels
ROBIN,C.,GORICAN,S.,GUILLOCHEAU,F.,RAZIN,P.,DROMART,G.&MOSAFFA,H. 179
Mesozoicdeep-watercarbonatedepositsfromthesouthernTethyanpassivemargininIran
(Pichakunnappes,Neyrizarea):biostratigraphy,faciessedimentologyandsequencestratigraphy
PIRYAEI,A.,REIJMER,J.J.G.,VAN BUCHEM,F. S.P.,YAZDI-MOGHADAM,M., 211
SADOUNI,J.&DANELIAN,T.TheinfluenceofLateCretaceoustectonicprocesseson
sedimentationpatternsalongthenortheasternArabianplatemargin(FarsProvince,SWIran)
HAJIKAZEMI,E.,AL-AASM,I.S.&CONIGLIO,M.Subaerialexposureandmeteoricdiagenesis 253
oftheCenomanian–TuronianUpperSarvakFormation,southwesternIran
HOSSEINI-BARZI,M.Spatialandtemporaldiageneticevolutionofsyntectonicsediments 273
inapulsatoryupliftedcoastalescarpment,evidencedfromthePlio-Pleistocene,Makran
subductionzone,Iran
BORDENAVE,M.L.&HEGRE,J.A.CurrentdistributionofoilandgasfieldsintheZagrosFold 291
BeltofIranandcontiguousoffshoreastheresultofthepetroleumsystems
Index 355
Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of Zagros and Makran during
the Mesozoic–Cenozoic: introduction
PASCALELETURMY1&CE´CILEROBIN2*
1Universite´ deCergy-Pontoise,De´partementdesSciencesdelaTerreetdel’Environnement,
5mailGayLussac,Neuville/Oise,95031Cergy-PontoiseCedex,France
2GeosciencesRennes,EquipedesBassinsSe´dimentaires,Universite´ deRennes1,
CampusdeBeaulieu,35042RennesCedex,France
*Correspondingauthor(e-mail:[email protected])
The Zagros fold–thrust belt (ZFTB) extends for thegeometryofthebasinandlateralfacieschanges,
c.2000kmfromTurkeyintheNWtotheHormuz and controlling deformation processes through
Strait in the SE. This belt results from the colli- time. The Hormuz salt basin and equivalent series
sion of the Arabian and Eurasian plates during developed in this context and constitute the major
Cenozoic times and constitutes a morphological de´collement level between the Pan-African base-
barrier(withsomepeaksexceeding4000m)separ- ment and the overlying sediments. The evaporitic
atingtheArabianplatformfromthelargeplateaux episode was followed by dominantly clastic sedi-
of central Iran. To the east a pronounced syntaxis mentation (Cambrian–Ordovician) and Silurian
marks the transition between the Zagros collision shales linked to a post-glacial sea-level rise. The
belt and the Makran accretionary wedge. In the Hercynian unconformity is visible in the ZFTB
ZFTB, the Proterozoic to Recent stratigraphic and registers the distal effects of the Hercynian
succession pile of the southern Tethys margin orogeny.
is involved in huge folds detached from the The epicontinental sedimentation ceased in the
Pan-African basement and offers the opportunity Late Permian, when a rifting episode led to the
to study the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution openingofthe Neo-TethyanOcean. The geodyna-
of the Palaeo-Tethyan margin over large time micchangewasaccompaniedbyachangeinsedi-
periods. Few recent data are widely available on mentation from dominantly Palaeozoic clastic
the southern Tethys margin as preserved in the sediments to marine carbonate sediments during
Zagros Mountains. Since the classical works of Permian, Mesozoic and Tertiary times. After the
James & Wynd (1965) and Murris (1980), the riftingperiod,thepassivemarginsteadilysubsided
most recent synthesis is the palaeogeographical and the carbonate sediments show lateral facies
reconstruction of the Arabian platform published changes with predominantly platform carbonate
byZiegler(2001).Manypetroleumdatahavebeen facies in the SE and basinal facies toward the
acquiredduringthelast10years,butfewofthese NW.Duringthisperiodsedimentationandhiatuses
have been published. The Middle East Basins in sedimentation are mainly related to sea-level
Evolution (MEBE) Programme, coordinated by changes and distant geodynamic events; lateral
P. Barrier and M. F. Brunet, in close relationship facies changes may also be related to reactivation
with colleagues of the Geological Survey of Iran, ofPan-Africanstructures.Crustalextensionisalso
was an excellent opportunity to go back to the asignificantfactorofcontrolonthesedimentation
fieldandtocollectnewdatatobetterconstrainthe duringMesozoictimes.
evolutionofthismargin.Inthisvolume,thestruc- Around 95Ma, obduction was initiated along
ture of the Zagros Mountains is explored through thousands of kilometres on the southern Tethyan
differentscalesandusingdifferentapproaches. passivemargin.DockingofophiolitesontoArabia
was diachronous along strike and occurred in the
Generalevolutionofthearea Santonianinthesouth(Oman)andduringtheMaas-
trichtianintheNWZagros.Thismajoreventcaused
IntheZagrosMountains,thegeodynamicevolution aregionalupliftofthemarginwithemergenceofthe
oftheareaismainlylinkedtoopeningandclosure platformandachangeinsedimentationinfrontof
oftheNeo-TethysOcean.Priortotheformationof the ophiolite–radiolarite nappes. It was followed
thesouthernTethysmargin,theareawasinanintra- by deeper-water conditions and the deposition of
cratonic setting. During Late Proterozoic–Early deep-water marls and shales from Campanian to
Cambriantimes,strike-slipandextensionalfaulting Eocene times associated with shallow carbonates
affected the basement and established a structural deposited along ridges and linked with a bulge in
frameworkwithnorth–southstructurescontrolling front of the subducting Neo-Tethys. Just before
From:LETURMY,P.&ROBIN,C.(eds)TectonicandStratigraphicEvolutionofZagrosandMakranduringthe
Mesozoic–Cenozoic.GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,330,1–4.
DOI:10.1144/SP330.1 0305-8719/10/$15.00#TheGeologicalSocietyofLondon2010.