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Y L F M A E T Team-Fly® Technology Trends in Wireless Communications ForalistingofrecenttitlesintheUniversalPersonalCommunicationsLibrary, turntothebackofthisbook. Technology Trends in Wireless Communications Ramjee Prasad Marina Ruggieri Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Prasad,Ramjee TechnologyTrendsinWirelessCommunications/RamjeePrasad,MarinaRuggieri. p.cm.—(ArtechHouseuniversalpersonalcommunicationsseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1-58053-352-3(alk.paper) 1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems—Technologicalinnovations. I.Ruggieri,M. (Marina),1961– II.Title. TK5103.2P71972003 621.382–dc21 2003041476 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Prasad,Ramjee Technologytrendsinwirelesscommunications.— (ArtechHouseuniversalpersonalcommunicationsseries) 1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems 2.Mobilecommunicationsystems 3.Digitalcommunications 4.Multimediasystems I.Title II.Ruggieri,M.(Marina),1961– 621.3’8456 ISBN1-58053-352-3 CoverdesignbyYekaterinaRatner ©2003RamjeePrasadandMarinaRuggieri Allrightsreserved All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book maybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermission inwritingfromthepublisher. Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshavebeen appropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.Useof aterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrademarkorservice mark. InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-352-3 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003041476 10987654321 Toourparents,ChandrakalaandSabita,IoleandRino, fortheirinspirationandmotivationtomeetourdreams. . Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 EvolutionofMobileNetworks 2 1.1.1 EvolvedSecondGenerationSystems 2 1.1.2 ThirdGenerationSystems 7 1.1.3 WirelessLocalAreaNetworks 13 1.1.4 AdHocNetworksandWirelessPersonalAreaNetworks 14 1.2 Vision 15 1.3 PreviewoftheBook 18 References 20 2 MultipleAccessProtocols 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.1.1 DesiredProperties 29 2.2 ClassificationofMAPs 30 2.3 RandomAccessProtocols 31 2.3.1 p-ALOHA 31 2.3.2 Slotted-ALOHA 33 vii viii TechnologyTrendsinWirelessCommunications 2.3.3 CarrierSenseMultipleAccess 33 2.3.4 InhibitSenseMultipleAccess 36 2.3.5 CaptureEffect 36 2.4 ContentionlessMAPs 39 2.4.1 Fixed-BasedAssignmentProtocols 39 2.4.2 Demand-BasedAssignmentProtocols 43 2.5 CDMAProtocols 46 2.5.1 DS-CDMA 47 2.5.2 TDMAandCDMA 53 2.5.3 MulticarrierCDMA 57 2.6 MAPsforWirelessMultimediaCommunications 65 2.6.1 DynamicPacketReservationMultipleAccess 65 2.6.2 Centralized-PRMA 66 2.6.3 MultidimensionalPRMAwithPrioritized BayesianBroadcast 68 2.6.4 CDMA-OrientedMAC 69 2.6.5 TrendsinMAPsDesign 72 References 74 3 IPNetworkIssues 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 MobilityManagement 82 3.2.1 MobilityClasses 82 3.2.2 ArchitecturesforMobilitySupporting 83 3.3 MobileIP 84 3.3.1 MobileIPv4 85 3.4 IPRouting 91 3.4.1 DistanceVectorProtocols 92 3.4.2 LinkStateProtocols 92 3.4.3 RoutinginAdHocNetworks 93 3.4.4 RouteOptimizationinMobileIP 94 3.5 IPQoS 96 3.5.1 IntServandRSVP 96 3.5.2 DiffServ 98 Contents ix 3.5.3 MPLS 98 3.5.4 QoSinMobileIP 100 3.5.5 IPQoSAmongHeterogeneousNetworks 106 3.6 SecurityIssues 109 3.6.1 IPSec 110 3.6.2 AAA 111 3.6.3 SecurityIssuesinMobileIP 111 3.7 EvolutionofMobileIP 120 3.7.1 MobileIPv6 121 3.7.2 Macro/MicromobilityExtensionstoMobileIP 123 3.7.3 RSVPSupportforMobileIPVersion6 128 3.8 Conclusions 128 References 131 4 TCPoverWirelessLinks 135 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 StandardTCP/IPProtocol 136 4.2.1 SlidingWindowMechanism 136 4.2.2 End-to-EndFlowandCongestionControl 138 4.2.3 ImplicationsofLargeBandwidth-DelayProduct 140 4.2.4 ImplicationsofLinkwithErrorsandMobility 141 4.3 TCPEnhancements 142 4.3.1 SummaryofRecommendations 142 4.3.2 SplittingTCP 145 4.3.3 SnoopingTCP 147 4.4 DataLinkLayerApproach 148 4.4.1 DataLinkLayerARQProtocols 149 4.5 NewTrendsintheWirelessNetworksDesign 153 4.5.1 ImprovedLinkLayerSchemes 155 4.6 Conclusions 157 References 157 5 AdaptiveTechnologies 163 5.1 Introduction 163