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Technology in Comecon: Acceleration of Technological Progress through Economic Planning and the Market PDF

395 Pages·1974·32.89 MB·English
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Technology in Comecon By the same author THE ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF EAST-WEST TRADE THE ECONOMICS OF SOCIALISM DAS SOZIALISTISCHE WIRTSCHAFTSSYSTEM (German translation) ECONOM.IA DEL SOCIALISMO (Spanish translation) ELM AL-EQTSSAD AL-ESHTRAKI (Arabic translation) L'ECONOMIA DEI PAESI SOCIAL'ISTI (Italian translation) SOCIALISTISCHE ECONOMIE (Dutch translation) TOWARDS MULTILATERAL PAYMENTS IN COMECON FOREIGN TRADE SOCIALIST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND REFORMS REFORMA Y DESSAROLLO ECONOMICO EN LOS PAISES SOCIALISTAS (Spanish translation) PROSPECTS FOR THE EXPORT OF AUSTRALIAN FARM PRODUCTS PROFIT, RISK AND INCENTIVES UNDER SOCIALIST ECONOMIC PLANNING Technology in Com.econ Acceleration of Technological Progress through Economic Planning and the Market J. WILCZYNSKI Palgrave Macmillan © J. Wilczynskil974 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974 978-0-333-14590-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published I974 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in N ew York Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras ISBN 978-1-349-01796-6 ISBN 978-1-349-01794-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-01794-2 Provehimur portu terraque urbesque recedunt? Quoniam fuitante sub tranquillitate navigio, cuncta quae extrinsecus sunt, ad motus illius imaginem moveri cernuntur a navigantibus ac vicissim se quiescere putant cum omnibus quae secum sunt. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium caelestium (1543) As one leaves the harbour, do the land and towns recede? As the ship sails in the calm sea, everything else that the travellers see appears to be moving, and it seems to them that they, together with their vessel, stay put and remain the point of reference. N. Copernicus, Concerning the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies (1543) Janetae, Aniae et Sylviae - dono dedit Contents List of Tables Xl List of Diagrams XIV Preface xv Technological Progress and Socialism I I A. The Centralized Directive System and Technology I B. The Scientific and Technical Revolution 5 C. The Intensive Growth Strategy 9 D. The New Economic System and Technological Progress 18 2 Labour and Capital 23 A. Manpower and Technological Progress 23 B. Capital Formation and Labour 31 C. The Utilization of Production Capacities 36 D. Structural Changes in Capital 43 3 Fuel and Power 50 A. The Fuel and Power Supply So B. Coal, Oil, Gas and Electricity 54 C. Nuclear Power 65 D. Problems of Fuel and Power 72 4 Research and Development, and Production 77 A. Scientific and Technical Research 77 B. The Integration of Research with Production 86 C. Production Specialization and Co-operation 94 D. Industrial Integration and Concentration 99 E. The Adaptation of Production to Modern Needs 105 5 Computerization, Automation and Cybernetics 109 A. The Production and Import of Computers 109 B. Computers and Economic Planning IIS C. Automation 122 D. Cybernetics 128 E. Shortcomings and Limitations 133 Vin CONTENTS 6 Standardization, Quality, Novelty 140 A. Standardization 140 B. The Problem of Low Quality 144 C. The Improvement of Quality 151 D. The Saratov and Do-Ro Methods 160 E. Novelty 165 7 Industry and Construction 171 A. Industrialization 171 B. Metallurgy 177 C. Machine-Building and Electronics 184 D. The Chemical Industry 189 E. Construction 196 8 Agriculture 203 A. From Neglect to Rehabilitation 203 B. Mechanization 209 C. Fertilizers and Land Improvement 215 D. Agro-Industrial Complexes 219 9 Transport and Communications 226 A. Land Transport 226 B. Water Transport 236 C. Air Transport 241 D. Containerization 245 E. Communications and Space Exploration 250 10 Technological Co-operation in Comecon 260 A. The General Framework 260 B. Co-operation in Research and Development 266 C. Specialization 273 D. Production Co-operation 280 E. Weaknesses and Handicaps 288 Technological Relations with Capitalist II Countries 296 A. East-West Transfer of Technology 296 B. East-West Industrial Co-operation 310 C. East-West Trade and Technology 317 D. Comecon and Developing Countries 324 E. Military Considerations 331 CONTENTS IX 12 Technological Progress and Ideology 348 A. Comecon's Achievements and Shortcomings 348 B. Socialist and Capitalist Capacity for Technological Progress 353 C. Technology and Social Development 362 D. Technological Progress and Full Communism 367 Index 373 List of Tables I Main indicators of the conditions for intensive growth in the European Comecon countries 16 2 Percentage structure of employment in the Comecon countries according to the main branches of the economy, 1950-1970 27 3 Proportion of national income devoted to accumulation in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 32 4 Growth of industrial producer and consumer goods in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 33 5 Factors impeding the attainment of planned production capacities in the main branches of Polish industry in the late 1960s 40 6 Reduction of the mandatory periods for the attainment of full production capacity 42 7 Average annual rates of growth in the productivity of labour and fixed capital in some Comecon countries, 1951-1968 43 8 Division of capital investment between buildings and working equipment in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 +8 9 Percentage share in the world production of primary fuels and power in 1950 and 1970 51 10 Percentage share of hydrocarbons in total fuel and power consumption, 1950-2000 53 II Output of black coal in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 55 12 Output of brown coal in the Comecon countries, 1950- 1970 55 13 Output of crude oil in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 56 14 Output of gas in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 58 15 Total installed capacity of electric power stations in the Comecon countries, 1950-1970 60 16 Percentage share in the world output of electricity, 1950- I~O ~ 17 Nuclear power stations in the Comecon and selected capitalist countries, as of 1971 68 t 8 Planned capacity of nuclear power stations in the Comecon and selected capitalist countries, 1975-2000 72

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