Technical Handbook of Oils, Fats and Waxes

333 Pages·2017·16.23 MB·English

The Cambrid e Technical Series
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General Editor : P. Abb ott B .A.
,
TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
OF
OILS FATS AND WAXES
,
VOLUME II
P ra ct i ca l and Anal t i cal
y
CAMB RIDGE UN IVERS ITY PRESS
C. F. C LAY, MANAGER
LONDON FETTER LAN
E, _
LONDON H. K. LEWIS AND CO LTD.
,
1 6 Gower Street W. C. 1
3 ,
’
N EW YOR K G. P. P U T NAM S SON S
BOMBAY
CALCUTTA MACMILLAN AND CO. LTD.
,
MADRAS
TORONTO . M. DENT AND SONS LT D.
J ,
TOKYO :MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI -KAI SHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
OF
OIL S FATS AND WAXES
,
BY
PERC IVAL . FRYER F.C . S.
,
J
Chief Chemist and D i rector Yald ing Manufacturing Co . Ltd.
, ,
Lecturer in Oi ls Fats and Waxes a t the Polytechn ic Regen t Street W .
, , ,
Si lver Medal l i st I s t Ci ty and G ui lds of London I nst i tu te
(
AND
FRANK E. WESTON B . Sc. I st F. I . C .
,
(
Head of the Chemistry Department the Polytechnic Regen t Street W .
, , ,
A uthor of The Detection o
f Ca rbon Compounds and Elementa ry
Ex erimenta l C/zemistr
p y
WITH 6 ILLUSTRATIONS
9
VOLUME I I
P r a ct i ca l a nd Ana l t i ca l
y
Camb rid e
g
at the Universi t Press
y
PREFACE
HE resent volume of th i s treati se i s concerned with the whole
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sub ect of the ra c ti cal exam inat ion and anal s i s of the na tural
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and h droca rb on m ineral o i ls fats and waxes. I t i s i nt
ended as
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a ha ndbook of racti cal methods for the use of techni cal chemists
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and others concerned in the exam ina tion of oi ls and kindred sub
stances
, b ut the requ i rements of students of th i s sub
jec t have also
b een taken into a ccount th rou hout the b ook.
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Thus the more im ortan t o erations are i llu strated b means of
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direct hoto ra h s in order that the methods of work i n or the
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deta i ls of the a aratus ma b e clea rl seen .
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An endeavour has b een made to conti nue the rin c i le a imed
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a t in the fi rst volume of resentin the matter in a succ inct and
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readil com rehens i b le form . To th i s end the sub ect ma tter has
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b een carefull
y systemati sed throughout, and in the instruction s for
the erformance of the var ious anal t i cal O erations the di rections
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have b een s i m lified b the use of conci se lan ua e and b sub
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divi s ion into a ser ies of short com
plete stages, or step s, ea ch involving
a sin le direction . The utili t of this manner of resentation has
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b een shown in the authors Own t ex erience extendin over a number
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of ears.
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I t has also b een our aim to eli m inate as fa r as oss i b le all um
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trustworth deta i ls and methods of workin . Some of the methods
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given are enti rely original, a s e. g. in the sections on Solub i l i ty, Vis
cosit and Ox en a b sor ti on . I n man other ca ses modificat ion s
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—
have b een made in the rocedu re the su estions of the au thors
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and others in order to fa c i li tate the work, shorten the time, or
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i n crea se the a c cura c of the results. In mos t ca ses the methods
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descr ib ed have b een carefull
y exam ined, and may b e confiden tly
a cce ted as reliab le wi th in the limits stated. I t 18 well to rememb er
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in th i s connection, that man
y of the tests ava ila b le are of qui te an
em ir i ca l chara cter.
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Wi th re a rd to the a rran ement of the b ook the follow i n b r ief
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descri t ion ma be of servi ce
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Section I i s i ntroductor and outlines the ma in rin c i les for
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vi PREFACE
su cc
ess in anal ti cal work. B r ief directions are given for the pre
y
ara tion of standard solu t ions and the use of si mple appa ratus i s
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ex la ined b hoto ra hs for the student.
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In Sec tion I I direct ions for sam
p ling and for making p rel im inary
tests of the fatt material are iven.
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Sec t ion I I I deals w i th those tests of eneral a l i ca t ion wh i ch
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‘ “
have a cla i m to b e re
garded as standard analyti cal determinations .
To each of these i s
g iven the s ame indi cating numb er wh ich Is
em lo ed to desi nate it in the first volume, and th i s figure is adhered
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to throu hout the b ook to fa c il i tate referen ce.
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Sec t ion IV embodies those tests which concern arti cula r o i ls or
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rou s of oils and the authors have made a careful exam ination of
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these
, excluding those wh i ch were unreliab le, and modifying the
rocedure of others where th i s a eared desi ra b le.
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In Sect ion V the exam ination of the mixed fatt a c ids from the
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Oils and fats has b een considered, since in some im
portant cases
e. . in the examination of soa s the ori i nal o i ls are not ava i lab le.
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Tab les are
given of the more important analyti cal determ inations,
and a revi sion of the refra ct ive indices and of the iodine values has
b een undertaken. The rema inin
g port ion deals with the alcohols ,
w ith a full descri
p ti on of the methods for test ing glycerin, b oth
crude and refined.
Sec t ion VI deals w ith the a l i cation of the fore oin methods to
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the anal s i s of the h droca rb on oils and waxes to ether with the
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s ec ial tests for these o i ls.
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Rosin and tur entine as b ein related in interest and also com
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merciall w i th the natural oils and fa ts
, are dealt wi th in Section VI I
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and methods of testin and of determ in in adulterat ion are iven.
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In Sect ion V I I I the authors have di scus sed the difficult uestion
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ofthe inter retation of the anal t i cal results Ob ta inedwith commerc ial
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sam les. Th i s i ncludes the rob lem of the natural variation of Oils
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and fa ts and of the modificat ion s roduced b variou s technical
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o erat ions. The uestion of the uanti tat ive detection of adultera
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t ion i s reviewed and the oi ls are considered under the vari ous
,
rou s in wh i ch the are em lo ed in commerce. A tabula r state
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ment of the ch ief anal t i cal data i s in cluded wi th each rou of oi ls
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and ra c t i cal exam les of adulteration and i ts inter retation are
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c i ted.
Sec t ion IX i s i ntended rimari l for the student. I n it an at
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tem t i s made to i ve a s stemati c scheme of anal s i s for the identi
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PREFACE
fication of an oil fat or wax of a ssu med uri t . The c la ss i fica t i on
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ado ted in Volume I has b een adhered to and it i s ho ed tha t the
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—
scheme ma b e of value in fa m il iar i s i n the student and others
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with the distin u i sh in features and the cla ss rela t ionsh i s of these
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com ounds .
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Section X i s devoted to ta b les of stren th s of solutions of various
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rea ents a nd to other data not i ncluded in the text of the b ook.
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The au thors w i sh to a cknowled e the cou rtes of Messrs B olton
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and Revi s and thei r ub l i shers Messrs Chu rch i ll for erm itt in the
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use of the b lock of b eef and la rd cr sta ls iven on a e 1 . Messrs
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Hil er have b een ood enou h to su l i llu stra t ion s o f thei r re
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fractometers on a es and 6 and have a lso iven deta i ls of these
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instruments . We also des i re to thank Mr G. B . Stokes and the
ub li shers of the Ana l s t for ermi ss ion to co the illu s tra t ion of
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the fat extra c tor on a e 2 2 .
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PERCIVAL . FRYER.
J
FRANK E. WESTON.
RAVENSCAR
,
TONBR IDGE
,
and
THE POLYTECHN IC
,
EGENT ST. W.
R ,
S e teméer 1 18.
p 9
CONTENTS
PREFACE
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL WORK FOR TECHN ICAL STUDENTS
SECTION
SAMPLING AND PRELIMINARY TESTS
Sampl ing.
L iqu id s
Sol id s
Prel imina ry Tests.
Wa ter
Foreign substa nces
Determina t ion of fa tty ma tter
Prepa ra t ion of s amples for a na lys i s
SECTION I I I
PRACTICAL METHODS FOR THE STANDARD ANALYTICAL D ETER
MINATIONS
S eci fi c Gra v i t
p y
a The spec ific grav i ty bottle
( )
6 The Sprengel tube
( )
5 The hydrosta t ic ba lance
( )
d The flota t ion method
( )
e Hydrometers
( )
Melt i n P oi n t
g
a Capi l la ry method
( )
5 Pla t inum loop method
( )
S ol i di f i n P oi n t of Mixed Fa t t A ci ds
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R efra ct iv e P ow er
a The Pulfrich refra ctometer
( )
-
b The b ut ro refra c tometer
( ) y
e The Abbé refra ctometer
( )
a The D i spers ive Power