Technical Guideline: Bitumen Stabilised Materials - Asphalt Academy

148 Pages·2009·5.93 MB·English

Technical Guideline:
Bitumen Stabilised Materials
ASPHALT
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Asphalt Academy
CSIR Built Environment
PO Box 395
Pretoria
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Fax: [phone] it
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Email: [email protected] n
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www.asphaltacademy.co.za a TG 2
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0 Second edition
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9
May 2009
ASPHALT
ACADEMY
Published by the
Asphalt Academy
c/o CSIR Built Environment
P O Box 395
Pretoria
0001
First published in 2009
Disclaimer
ISBN 978-0-7988-5582-2
Considerable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in this publication.
However, neither the Asphalt Academy nor any of the compilers of the document accept any liability whatsoever for any loss,
Copyright © 2009 Asphalt Academy
damage or injury resulting from the use of this information.
Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
PREFACE
The first TG2 was publshed n 2002 and covered the desgn and constructon of foamed btumen treated materals. Snce 2002, sgnficant
research n btumen emulson and foamed btumen treatment has been done, whch needed to be ncluded n the TG2 gudelne, hence
ths update. Ths gudelne supercedes the TG2 publshed n 2002 and covers the desgn and constructon of Btumen Stablsed Materals
(BSMs) and ncludes both materals treated wth btumen emulson (BSM-emulson) and foamed btumen (BSM-foam).
The ncluson of BSM-emulson materals nto TG2 has been done because the desgn and constructon of BSM-emulson and BSM-foam
are dentcal n many respects. Where there are dfferences between the materals, the napproprate technques are often appled by
ncorrectly adoptng the technology for the other materal. For ths reason, ths gudelne hghlghts the smlartes and dfferences, whch
should prevent the napproprate applcaton of ether technology.
Ths gudelne covers the uses of BSMs, ther classficaton for desgn purposes, the mx and structural desgn and constructon aspects.

Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The sponsors of ths project; Gauteng Department of Publc Transport, Roads and Works (GDPRW) (represented by Elzbeta Sadzk) and
SABITA (represented by Trevor Dstn and Pet Myburgh) are gratefully acknowledged. The project has been managed by Les Sampson of
the Asphalt Academy.
The gudelne has been compled by:
» Dave Collngs PDNA
» Joe Grobler Vela-VKE
» Mke Hughes WSP Group
» Km Jenkns Stellenbosch Unversty
» Frtz Jooste Modellng and Analyss Systems
» Fenella Long Modellng and Analyss Systems
» Hugh Thompson WSP Group

Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
SCOPE
Ths gudelne document covers the classficaton, desgn and constructon of Btumen Stablsed Materals (BSMs), and ncludes both
btumen emulson (BSM-emulson) and foamed btumen treated materals (BSM-foam).
BSMs are descrbed, and gudelnes for ther approprate use are gven. Applcatons for whch BSMs are not approprate are also
dscussed. The approaches to classficaton, mx and structural desgn and constructon are dscussed.
The classficaton of BSMs ncludes three materal classes:
» BSM1: Ths materal has a hgh shear strength, and s typcally used as a base layer for desgn traffic applcatons of more than 6
mllon equvalent standard axles (MESA). For ths class of materal, the source materal s typcally a well graded crushed stone or
reclamed asphalt.
» BSM2: Ths materal has a moderately hgh shear strength, and would typcally used as a base layer for desgn traffic applcatons of
less than 6 MESA. For ths class of materal, the source materal s typcally a graded natural gravel or reclamed asphalt.
» BSM3: Ths materal s typcally a sol-gravel and/or sand, stablsed wth hgher btumen contents. As a base layer, the materal s only
sutable for desgn traffic applcatons of less than 1 MESA.
A consstent and ratonal system for classfyng the materals s presented. Ths system s new and s applcable to granular and cemented
materals as well as BSMs. Full detals of the method for all materals are gven n Appendx A.
The mx desgn of BSMs nvolves three levels of testng, whch depend on the desgn traffic level. ITS testng n dry and soaked states
s used for Level 1 and 2. For Level 3 (desgn traffic exceedng 6 MESA), traxal testng s recommended. A smple traxal test has been
developed to facltate such testng n standard laboratores. A method for testng the mosture senstvty of BSMs n the traxal test has
also been developed, whch utlses the MIST equpment for saturatng the traxal specmens. Ths s descrbed n Chapter 4.
The structural desgn of BSMs utlses the Pavement Number (PN) desgn method. Ths method s based on observed performance of field
pavements and s based on an “ntellgent” structural number. The PN method s recommended for desgn traffic between 1 and 30 MESA
and for Category A and B roads. Because the PN method s also new, and s applcable for all road buldng materals, the complete detals
of the method are gven n Appendx C. For desgn traffic less than 1 MESA, a catalogue of typcal desgns s gven.
The constructon of BSMs ncludes n stu recyclng wth recyclers, conventonal constructon equpment, and n plant treatment. Qualty
control for constructon s also ncluded, and Appendx D contans detals on constructon controls for BSM treatment usng recyclers.
Whle ths gudelne s the culmnaton of many years of research and development, t may be necessary to update detals n the laboratory
test methods and n the materal classficaton system and Pavement Number method. Any such updates wll be posted on
www.asphaltacademy.co.za/btstab.

Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
°C degrees Celcus
τ half-lfe
1/2
% percent
AASHTO Amercan Assocaton of State Hghway and Transportaton Officals
Actve filler Fllers that chemcally alter the mx propertes. Ths ncludes fillers such as lme, cement, fly ash, etc, but
excludes natural fillers such as rock flour.
BSM(s) Btumen Stablsed Materal(s)
BSM-emulson Btumen emulson treated materal
BSM-foam Foamed btumen treated materal
CBR Calforna Bearng Rato
COLTO Commttee of Land and Transport Officals
CS Crushed stone
DE-G1 to DE-G10 Desgn equvalent G1 to G10 materal classes
DEMAC Desgn equvalent materal class
ELTS Effectve long term stffness. Ths s a relatve ndcator of the average long term n stu stffness of a
pavement layer.
EMC Equlbrum mosture content
ER Expanson Rato
E Tangent modulus, stffness from monotonc traxal test
tan
EWC btumen emulson water content ncludng water used for dluton as percentage of dry aggregate fluff pont
mosture content at whch the “maxmum bulk volume of loose mneral aggregate s obtaned
FMC field mosture content of aggregate
G1 to G10 Granular materals classes, see TRH4 for defintons
GS Gravel sol
HMA Hot mx asphalt
ICL Intal consumpton of lme
ITS Indrect Tensle Strength test, 100 mm dameter specmens cured for 72 hours at 40 °C.
dry
ITS Indrect Tensle Strength test, specmens cured accordng to curng procedure.
equl
ITS Indrect Tensle Strength test, specmens cured accordng to curng procedure and then soaked for 24 hours
soaked
at 25 °C.
ITS Indrect Tensle Strength test, 100 mm dameter specmens cured then soaked for 24 hours at 25 °C.
wet
Lme Lme refers to hydrated road lme
Mastc The mastc s the mx of fines and btumen.
maxmum stffness The maxmum stffness a materal can acheve depends on the materal qualty.
MESA mllon equvalent standard axles, 80 kN axles
MIST Mosture Induced Senstvty Test used to nduce mosture nto traxal specmens.
mm mllmeters
Mod. AASHTO Modfied AASHTO compacton
Modular Rato Rato of a layer’s stffness relatve to the stffness of the layer below.
MPa megaPascals
N Wenert’s N-value
NG Natural gravel
OFC optmum fluds content
OMC optmum mosture content usng Mod. AASHTO compacton on untreated materal
Mod-U
OMC optmum mosture content usng Mod. AASHTO compacton on treated materal
Mod-BSM
OMC optmum mosture content usng vbratory hammer compacton on treated materal
Vb-BSM
PI Plastcty Index
PN Pavement number
PTR Pneumatc Tyred Roller
RA Reclamed asphalt
RBC resdual btumen content as percentage of dry aggregate
SSSC Slt, slty sand, clay
TSR Tensle Strength Retaned. Rato of ITSwet and ITSdry.
UCS Unconfined Compresson Test
v
Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
SCOPE iii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. WHAT ARE BITUMEN STABILISED MATERIALS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. PURPOSE OF GUIDELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. LAYOUT OF GUIDELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 BITUMEN STABILISATION, USAGE AND DESIGN APPROACH 4
2.1. WHAT IS BITUMEN EMULSION AND FOAMED BITUMEN?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. BEHAVIOUR OF BITUMEN STABILISED MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. BENEFITS OF BITUMEN STABILISATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. LIMITATIONS OF BITUMEN STABILISATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5. MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BITUMEN TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6. WHERE TO USE BSMS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6.1. CONSTRUCTION METHOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6.2. CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6.3. GENERAL PROJECT SELECTION CRITERIA FOR IN SITU TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7. DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7.1. DESIGN SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7.2. MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7.3. MIX DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7.4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8. CLASSIFICATION OF BSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION 15
3.1. CONCEPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2. MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3. TESTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS FOR BSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4. CONFIDENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSESSMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 MIX DESIGN 21
4.1. MIX DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1. MIX TYPE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1.2. OUTLINE OF MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2. MIX CONSTITUENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.1. AGGREGATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2. BITUMEN SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.3. FILLER (NATURAL AND ACTIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2.4. WATER QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3. SPECIMEN PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.1. FLUID CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.2. MATERIAL PREPARATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3.3. MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.4. COMPACTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.5. CURING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
v
Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
page
4.4. MECHANICAL TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4.1. INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH (ITS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4.2. TRIAXIAL TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.5. MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.1. LEVEL 1 MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.2. LEVEL 2 MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.3. LEVEL 3 MIX DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 42
5.1. PAVEMENT NUMBER STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.1. APPLICABILITY OF PAVEMENT NUMBER METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.2. RULES OF THUMB / DEPARTURE POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.3. PAVEMENT NUMBER CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2. CATALOGUE OF DESIGNS FOR LOWER TRAFFICKED ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3. APPROPRIATE SURFACINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.4. ECONOMIC ANALYSES AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6 CONSTRUCTION 50
6.1. IN SITU TREATMENT (GENERAL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1.1. DILUTING BITUMEN EMULSION WITH WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2. IN SITU TREATMENT USING RECYCLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2.1. FACTORS REQUIRING CONSIDERATION (PLANNING THE WORK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.2.2. EXECUTING THE WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.3. IN SITU TREATMENT USING CONVENTIONAL EQUIPMENT (BSM-EMULSION ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3.1. EQUIPMENT SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3.2. BITUMEN EMULSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.3.3. MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.3.4. COMPACTION, CUTTING LEVELS AND FINISHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.4. IN-PLANT TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.4.1. IN-PLANT MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.4.2. TRANSPORTING BSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.4.3. LAYER CONSTRUCTION USING A PAVER / FINISHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4.4. LAYER CONSTRUCTION USING CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.5. LAYER CONSTRUCTION USING LABOUR INTENSIVE METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.5. CURING AND TRAFFICKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.6. SURFACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7. CONSTRUCTING TRIAL SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7.1. TRIAL SECTIONS FOR IN SITU TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7.2. TRIAL SECTIONS FOR IN-PLANT TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.8. QUALITY CONTROL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.8.1. QUALITY OF THE BSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.8.2. QUALITY OF THE LAYER OF BSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.8.3. ACCEPTANCE CONTROLS FOR PAVEMENT LAYERS CONSTRUCTED WITH BSMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 86
v
Technical Guideline:
Btumen Stablsed Materals
page
APPENDIX A: MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 88
A.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
A.2. CONCEPT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
A.2.1. Assumed Materal Behavour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
A.2.2. Desgn Equvalent Materal Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A.3. MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A.3.1. Theory of Holstc Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
A.3.2. Step by Step Materal Classficaton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
A.3.3. Certanty Factors for Dfferent Tests and Indcators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A.3.4. Adjustment for Sample Sze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A.3.5. Assessng the Relatve Certanty of Evdence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
A.3.6. Updatng Materal Classficaton for Avalable Evdence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
A.4. TESTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
A.4.1. Granular Materals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
A.4.2. Btumen Stablsed Materals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
A.4.3. Cement Stablsed Materals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A.5. CONFIDENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSESSMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
A.6. WORKED EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
REFERENCES 111
APPENDIX B: LABORATORY TESTS 112
APPENDIX C: PAVEMENT NUMBER STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD 113
C.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
C.2. APPLICABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF THE PAVEMENT NUMBER METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
C.3. RULES OF THUMB / DEPARTURE POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
C.3.1. The Effectve Long Term Stffness (ELTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
C.3.2. Modellng of Subgrade Materals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
C.3.3. The Modular Rato Lmt and Maxmum Stffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
C.3.4. The Base Confidence Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
C.4. PAVEMENT NUMBER CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
C.4.1. Combnng Pavement Layers to Form a Fve Layer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
C.4.2. Determnng Effectve Long-Term Stffness (ELTS) Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
C.5. PAVEMENT CAPACITY CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
C.6. WORKED EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
REFERENCES 127
APPENDIX D: CONSTRUCTION CONTROLS FOR BITUMEN TREATMENT 128
D.1. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RECYCLING OPERATION USING RECYCLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
D.2. PRE-START CHECKLISTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
D.2.1. In stu recyclng: BSM-foam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
D.2.2. In stu recyclng: BSM-emulson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
D.2.3. In plant treatment: BSM-foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
D.3. DAILY REPORTS FOR IN SITU RECYCLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
D.3.1. BSM-foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
D.3.2. BSM-emulson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
D.3.3 Actve filler control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
v
TTeecchhnniiccaall GGuuiiddeelliinnee::
BBttuummeenn SSttaabbllsseedd MMaatteerraallss
LIST OF FIGURES
page
Fgure 1.1 Aggregate and Bnder Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fgure 1.2 Conceptual Behavour of Pavement Materals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fgure 2.1 Manufacture of Btumen Emulson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fgure 2.2 Foamed Btumen Producton n Expanson Chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fgure 2.3 Desgn Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fgure 3.1 Interpretaton of Test and Indcator Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fgure 3.2 Interpretaton of Gradng to Quantfy Relatve Conformance to Gradng (BSM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fgure 4.1 Factors Influencng Btumen and Actve Fller Content Selecton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fgure 4.2 Gudelnes for Sutablty of Gradng for Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fgure 4.3 Determnaton of Optmum Foamant Water Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Fgure 4.4 Mx Factors Consdered for Selecton of Curng Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fgure 4.5 Mx Desgn Flow Chart for BSM Mxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Fgure 5.1 Catalogue of Desgns for BSM Pavements Carryng up to 1 MESA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fgure 5.2 Mnmum Surfacng Thckness for BSM Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Fgure 6.1 BSM Constructon Optons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Fgure 6.2 Mountng of Cuttng Tools on Mllng Machnes and Recyclers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fgure 6.3 Prmary Roller Selecton Gude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fgure 6.4 Padfoot Roller Imprnts on Materal Beng Compacted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fgure 6.5 Typcal Recyclng Cut Plan Showng the Overlap Relatve to the Outer Wheel Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fgure 6.6 Btumen Starvaton along Longtudnal Jont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Fgure 6.7 Typcal Recyclng Tran for Btumen Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Fgure 6.8 Materal Compacted by the Rear Wheels of the Recycler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fgure 6.9 Mxng Plant for BSM-foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Fgure 6.10 Longtudnal Jont Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Indcators and Tests for Classficaton of Btumen Stablsed Materals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 3.2 Interpretaton of Indcators and Tests for Classficaton of Btumen Stablsed Materals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 3.3 Interpretaton of Gradng Ratng for BSMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 3.4 Relatve Confidence of Materals Classficaton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 4.1 Durablty Mll Index, Lmt for Rocks and Sols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Table 4.2 Categores of Btumen Emulson for Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 4.3 Compatblty of Btumen Emulson Type wth Aggregate Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 4.4 Foam Characterstc Lmts (mnmum values). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 4.5 Role of Fluds n BSMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Table 4.6 Interpretaton of ITS tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 4.7 Interpretaton of Traxal Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 5.1 Modular Rato Lmt and Maxmum Allowed Stffness for Pavement Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Table 5.2 Typcal Future Mantenance Measures for BSM Base Pavements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 6.1 Dluton of Btumen Emulson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
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