Technical Design Report Inner Tracking System (ITS) - Alice - Cern

376 Pages·2004·14.46 MB·English

CERN/LHCC 99–12
ALICETDR4
18June1999
A L I C E
Technical Design Report
of the
Inner Tracking System (ITS)
Thisedition contains afewminormodifications, essentially corrections oftypographical errors,relative
tothefirst,limited,edition.
Coverpage drawing: Perspective study ofachalice,
byP.Uccello,painter oftheFlorentine Renaissance.
Coverdesign byFabienneMarcastel
Printed atCERN
June 1999
ISBN92-9083-144-8
i
ALICE Collaboration
Alessandria, Italy, Facolta` diScienzedell’Universita`:
G.Dellacasa,L.Ramello,E.Scalas,M.SittaandC.Soave.
Aligarh, India, PhysicsDepartment, AligarhMuslimUniversity:
N.Ahmad,S.Ahmad,T.Ahmad,W.Baritak,M.Irfan andM.Zafar.
Athens, Greece, NuclearandParticlePhysicsDivision, UniversityofAthens:
A.L.S.Angelis,A.Kapogiannis, G.Mavromanolakis andA.D.Panagiotou.
Athens, Greece, Institute ofNuclearPhysics,NRCDemokritos:
K.Kalfas.
Bari, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` andSezioneINFN:
D.Cozza,G.DeCataldo,D.Dell’Olio,L.Dell’Olio,D.DiBari,D.Elia,N.Facchini,R.A.Fini,
B.Ghidini,V.Lenti,L.Liberti,R.Loconsole,V.Manzari,E.Nappi1),F.Navach,F.PosaandS.Stucchi.
Bari, Italy, Politecnico andSezione INFN:
F.Corsi,D.DeVenuto,M.DiCiano,R.Dinapoli, G.Gramegna,A.Grimaldi,P.Lamanna,
C.Marzocca,G.Matarrese andE.Monno.
Beijing, China, ChinaInstitute ofAtomicEnergy:
H.Guo,X.Li,S.Lu,Z.Lu,B.Sa,H.Wang,J.Zhou,S.ZhouandX.Zhu.
Bergen, Norway, Department ofPhysics,University ofBergen:
H.Helstrup,A.Klovning, O.A.Maeland, O.H.Odland,D.Ro¨hrich, R.Rongved andT.F.Thorsteinsen.
Bhubaneswar, India, Institute ofPhysics:
A.K.Dubey,D.P.Mahapatra, B.Mohanty andS.C.Phatak.
Birmingham, UnitedKingdom, SchoolofPhysicsandSpaceResearch,University ofBirmingham:
I.J.Bloodworth, D.Evans,G.T.Jones, P.Jovanovic´, J.B.Kinson,A.Kirk,O.Villalobos Baillie and
M.F.Votruba.
Bologna, Italy, University/INFN:
F.Anselmo,P.Antonioli, G.Bari,M.Basile,L.Bellagamba,D.Boscherini, L.Brocco,A.Bruni,
G.Bruni,G.CaraRomeo,D.Casadei,E.Cerron,F.Cindolo,N.Coppola, M.Corradi,S.DePasquale,
D.Falchieri,A.Gabrielli, E.Gandolfi,P.Giusti,B.Guasina,D.Hatzifotiadou, N.Y.Kim,G.Laurenti,
M.L.Luvisetto, A.Margotti, T.Massam,A.Masetti,R.Nania,F.Palmonari,A.Pesci,F.Pierella,
A.Polini,G.Sartorelli, A.Semak,G.Valenti,M.C.S.Williams andA.Zichichi.
Bratislava, Slovakia, FacultyofMathematics andPhysics,Comenius University:
J.Bracin´ık, V.Cˇerny´,J.Fta´cˇnik,V.Hlinka,M.Ivanov, R.Janik,R.Lietava,M.Pikna,J.Pisˇu´t,
N.Pisˇu´tova´,B.Sitar,P.Strmenˇ andI.Szarka.
Bucharest, Romania, National Institute forPhysicsandNuclear Engineering:
A.Andronic,V.Catanescu, M.Ciobanu, M.Duma,D.Moisa,M.Petrovici,V.Simion,C.Staiiand
G.Stoicea.
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Budapest, Hungary, KFKIResearch Institute forParticleandNuclear Physics,Hungarian Academy
ofSciences:
E.Denes,B.Eged,Z.Fodor,G.Harangozo, T.Kiss,G.Palla,G.Rubin,J.Sulyan,L.Szendrey,
J.Sziklai,D.L.Tarjan,Z.Varga,B.N.VissyandJ.Zimanyi.
Cagliari, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` andSezione INFN:
C.Cicalo,A.DeFalco,M.P.Macciotta-Serpi, A.Masoni,S.Mauro,G.Puddu,P.Randaccio, S.Serci,
E.SiddiandG.Usai.
Calcutta, India, SahaInstitute ofNuclearPhysics:
P.Bhattacharya, S.Bose,Sukalyan Chattopadhyay, N.Majumdar,A.Sanyal,S.Sarkar,P.Sen,S.K.Sen
andB.C.Sinha.
Calcutta, India, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre:
Subhasis Chattopadhyay, M.R.DuttaMajumdar, M.S.Ganti,T.K.Nayak,R.N.Singaraju,Bikash
Sinha,M.D.TrivediandY.P.Viyogi.
Catania, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` andSezione INFN:
A.Badala`,R.Barbera,U.Becciani,M.Gulino,S.Ingrassia, A.Insolia, F.Librizzi,L.LoNigro,D.Lo
Presti,D.Nicotra,A.Palmeri,G.S.Pappalardo, L.Pappalardo, C.Petta,N.Randazzo, S.Reito,
F.Riggi,G.V.RussoandM.Russo.
CERN, Switzerland, European Laboratory forParticlePhysics:
J.Ba¨chler, J.A.Belikov2),V.Berejnoi3),J.-C.Berset,R.Brun,M.Burns,M.Campbell,E.Cantatore,
W.Carena,F.Carminati,P.Chochula, J.Christiansen, D.Collados, J.CruzdeSousaBarbosa,
M.Davenport, J.deGroot,A.DiMauro,R.Divia`,C.Eisenberg, C.Engster, J.Espirito Santo,
M.Fageda,H.G.Fischer,M.Flammier,F.Formenti,D.Fraissard, E.Futo4),E.Gaumann,B.Goret,
T.Grassi5),C.Gregory,M.Hoch,P.G.Innocenti, A.Jachołkowski, W.Klempt,A.Kluge,X.Lagrue,
G.Lecoeur,J.C.Legrand,L.Leistam,P.Lenoir,Y.Lesenechal, C.Lourenc¸o,P.Martinengo, M.Mast,
T.Meyer,H.Milcent,R.Monnin,M.Morel,A.Morsch, M.Mota,L.Musa,B.Perrin,D.Picard,
L.Pigni,F.Piuz,E.Quercigh, J.Raynaud, H.Renshall, A.Rivetti,K.Sˇafaˇr´ık,J.-C.Santiard,
J.Schukraft, E.Schyns,A.Sharma,W.Snoeys,P.Sonderegger, M.Spegel,D.Swoboda,P.Szymanski,
G.Tabary,J.vanBeelen,H.vanderVelde,P.VandeVyvre,A.Vascotto, D.Vranic,S.Wenig,
P.Wertelaers, T.WilliamsandK.Zelazowski.
Chandigarh, India, PhysicsDepartment, PanjabUniversity:
M.M.Aggarwal,A.K.Bhatia,V.S.Bhatia,R.ChughandV.Vashisht.
Clermont-Ferrand, France, Universite´ BlaisePascalandIN2P3:
J.P.Alard,A.Baldit,V.Barret,N.Bastid,G.Blanchard, J.Castor,T.Chambon,A.Cosquer, P.Crochet,
F.Daudon, A.Devaux,P.Dupieux, B.Espagnon, J.Fargeix,P.Force,L.Lamoine,F.Manso,G.Roche,
O.Roig,L.RoyerandP.Saturnini.
Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento deF´ısica,Faculdade deCieˆncias eTecnologia:
R.FerreiraMarques, P.Fonte1) andA.Policarpo.
Columbus, U.S.A., Department ofPhysics,OhioStateUniversity:
T.J.Humanic,M.Lisa,G.LoCurto,B.S.Nilsen,G.Paic´,D.M.Reichhold andE.Sugarbaker.
Copenhagen, Denmark, NielsBohrInstitute:
I.Bearden, H.Bøggild,J.Gaardhøje andB.Nielsen.
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Cracow, Poland, HenrykNiewodniczanski Institute ofNuclear Physics,HighEnergy Physics
Department:
J.Bartke,E.Gładysz-Dziadus´, E.Go´rnicki,M.Kowalski,A.Rybicki,P.Stefan´skiandZ.Wlodarczyk6).
Darmstadt, Germany, Gesellschaft fu¨rSchwerionenforschung (GSI):
A.Andronic,R.Averbeck,C.Blume,P.Braun-Munzinger, A.Deusser, A.Devismes,J.Eschke,
P.Foka,C.Garabatos, B.Kolb,J.Lu¨hning, U.Lynen,A.M.Marin,D.Mis´kowiec,W.F.J.Mu¨ller,
C.Neyer,A.Sandoval,H.Sann,H.R.Schmidt,H.StelzerandA.Wo¨rner.
Frankfurt, Germany, Institut fu¨rKernphysik,Johann-Wolfgang Go¨theUniversita¨t:
C.Bormann,P.Buncic,M.Gaz´dzicki, J.Gu¨nther, S.Lange,R.Renfordt, G.Roland,R.Stockand
H.Stro¨bele.
Gatchina, Russia, St.Petersburg NuclearPhysicsInstitute:
V.Guersenchtein, B.Komkov,V.KozlovV.Nikouline, V.Samsonov,O.Tarasenkova, S.Volkov and
A.Vorobiev.
Heidelberg, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨rKernphysik:
F.Ceretto,C.Fuchs,J.RakandJ.P.Wurm.
Heidelberg, Germany, Institut fu¨rHochenergiephysik, Ruprecht-Karls Universita¨t:
F.O.Lesser,V.Lindenstruth andA.G.E.Mass.
Heidelberg, Germany, Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universita¨t:
H.Appelsha¨user, S.Esumi,K.Filimonov,P.Gla¨ssel,B.Lenkeit, N.Herrmann,M.J.Richter,
W.Schmitz,J.Stachel,H.Tilsner,J.P.Wessels,T.Wienold andB.Windelband.
Ioannina, Greece, University ofIoannina, Department ofPhysics:
X.Aslanoglou.
Jaipur, India, PhysicsDepartment, University ofRajasthan:
A.Bharti,S.K.Gupta,R.Raniwala andS.Raniwala.
Jammu, India, PhysicsDepartment,JammuUniversity:
S.K.Badyal,A.Bhasin,A.Gupta,V.K.Gupta,L.K.Mangotra, B.V.K.S.Potukuchi, N.K.Raoand
S.S.Sambyal.
JINR, Russia, JointInstitute forNuclearResearch:
P.G.Akichine, V.A.Arefiev,V.I.Astakhov,A.A.Baldine,A.M.Baldine,V.D.Bartenev,B.V.Batiounia,
I.V.Boguslavsky, Z.V.Borissovskaia, P.Bylinkine, A.V.Chabounov, G.S.Chabratova, I.A.Chichov,
V.Danilov,V.I.Datskov, V.K.Dodokhov, L.G.Efimov,A.G.Fedounov, O.A.Golubitsky,
B.N.Guouskov, O.I.Iouldachev, V.G.Kadychevsky, I.E.Karpunina, E.K.Koshurnikov,
A.D.Kovalenko, A.Lioubimtsev, V.L.Lioubochits, V.I.Lobanov, G.I.Lykasov,E.A.Matiouchevski,
K.V.Mikhailov, D.P.Mikhalev,I.Minaev,P.V.Nomokonov,A.N.Parfenov,I.V.Pouzynin,
V.N.Pozdnyakov, A.B.Sadovski, A.E.Senner,I.A.Shelaev,A.V.Sidorov,N.V.Slavine,
M.K.Suleimanov, G.P.Tsvineva,A.S.Vodopianov, M.B.Yuldasheva, S.Zaporozhets and
A.I.Zintchenko.
V.Diomkin7),V.Kuznetsov7),V.Shestakov7),A.Vasiliev7) andA.Zhakovksy7).
Ts.Baatar8),B.Khurelbaatar8) andR.Togoo8).
iv
K.G.Akhobadze9),A.K.Djavrishvili9),T.Grigalashvili9),E.S.Ioramashvili9),A.V.Kharadze9),
L.Khizanishvili9),T.V.Khuskivadze9),L.V.Shalamberidze9) andN.Shubitidze9).
V.Djordjadze10),N.Grigalashvili10),Z.Menteshashvili10),M.Nioradze10),M.Tabidze10) and
Y.Tevzadze10).
M.Bondila11),D.Felea11),A.Gheata11),M.Gheata11),M.Haiduc11),D.Hasegan11),R.Marginean11),
R.I.Nanciu11) andS.I.Zgura11).
Jyva¨skyla¨, Finland, DepartmentofPhysics,University ofJyva¨skyla¨ andHelsinki Institute ofPhysics:
J.Aysto,V.Ruuskanen andW.Trzaska.
Kharkov, Ukraine, National ScientificCentre‘Kharkov Institute ofPhysics andTechnology’:
G.L.Bochek,V.F.Boldyshev, I.F.Chervonny, A.N.Dovbnya,V.I.Kulibaba,N.I.Maslov,S.M.Potin,
I.M.Prokhorets andA.F.Starodubtsev.
Kharkov, Ukraine, Scientific andTechnological Research Institute ofInstrument Engineering:
V.N.Borshchov, S.K.Kiprich,O.M.Listratenko, G.Protsay, V.E.StarkovandM.Zamirets.
Kiev, Ukraine, DepartmentofHighEnergy Density Physics,Bogolyubov Institute forTheoretical
Physics,National AcademyofSciences ofUkraine:
T.Hryn’ova,D.E.Kharzeev, V.Palshin,O.Pavlenko, A.Velytsky andG.Zinovjev.
Kosˇice, Slovakia, Institute ofExperimental Physics,SlovakAcademyofSciencesandFacultyof
ScienceP.J.Sˇafa´rikUniversity:
J.Ba´n,J.Fedorisˇin, M.Hnaticˇ,A.Jusko, B.Kocper,I.Kra´lik,A.Kravcˇa´kova´, F.Kriva´nˇ,I.Kuˇlkova´,
M.Lupta´k,G.Martinska´, B.Pastircˇa´k,L.Sˇa´ndor, J.Urba´n,S.Voka´landJ.Vrla´kova´.
Legnaro, Italy, Laboratori Nazionali diLegnaro:
R.A.Ricci.
Lisbon, Portugal, Departamento deF´ısica,Instituto Superior Te´cnico:
P.Branco,R.Carvalho,J.SeixasandR.VilelaMendes.
Lund, Sweden, Division ofCosmicandSubatomicPhysics,University ofLund:
L.Carlen,S.I.A.Garpman,H.-A.Gustafsson, P.Nilsson,A.Oskarsson, L.Osterman,I.Otterlund,
D.SilvermyrandE.A.Stenlund.
Lyon, France, Institut dePhysique Nucle´aire deLyon(IPNL),IN2P3-CNRSetUniversite´ Claude
BernardLyon-I:
M.Y.Chartoire, M.Chevallier, B.Cheynis,D.Essertaize, E.Galichet,E.Gangler, M.Goyot,
J.Y.Grossiord, R.Guernane, A.Guichard, D.Guinet,G.Jacquet, P.Lautesse,M.MiguetandS.Tissot.
Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Physik,PhilippsUniversita¨t:
F.Eckhardt, V.FrieseandF.Pu¨hlhofer.
MexicoCity, Mexico, CentrodeInvestigacio´n ydeEstudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV):
R.Herna´ndez Montoya, G.HerreraCorral,L.Magan˜a-Mendoza, H.Mendez andL.M.Montan˜o.
Minsk, Belarus, Institute forNuclearProblems,StateUniversity:
A.A.Lobko.
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Moscow, Russia, Institute forNuclear Research,AcademyofScience:
K.A.Chileev,M.B.Goloubeva, F.F.Gouber, T.L.Karavitcheva, A.B.Kourepin, A.I.Maevskaia,
V.I.Razine,A.I.Rechetine, N.S.Topilskaia andN.V.Zaikovskaya.
Moscow, Russia, Institute forTheoretical andExperimental Physics:
A.N.Akindinov, S.V.Boiarinov, V.Golovine,I.G.Grichouk, A.B.Kaidalov,M.M.Kats,I.T.Kiselev,
S.M.Kisselev,E.Lioublev, M.Martemianov, A.N.Martemiyanov, P.A.Polozov, S.A.Pozdniakov,
V.S.Serov,A.V.Smirnitski, M.M.Tchoumakov, I.A.Vetlitski, K.G.Volochine, L.S.Vorobiev and
B.V.Zagreev.
Moscow, Russia, RussianResearch Center‘Kurchatov Institute’:
V.Antonenko, S.Beliaev,R.Cherbatchev, I.Doubovik, S.Fokine,M.Ippolitov, K.Karadjev,
A.L.Lebedev,V.Lebedev,V.I.Manko,G.Mguebrichvili, T.Moukhanova, A.Nianine,S.Nikolaev,
S.Nikouline, O.Patarakine, D.Peressounko, I.Sibiriak,A.Vasiliev,A.Vinogradov andM.Volkov.
Moscow, Russia, MoscowEngineering PhysicsInstitute:
V.Grigoriev, V.Kapline,V.Loguinov andM.Strikhanov.
Mu¨nster, Germany, Institut fu¨rKernphysik,Westfa¨lische Wilhelms Universita¨t:
D.Bucher,T.Peitzmann, K.Reygers,R.Santo,H.Schlagheck andM.Wahn.
Nantes, France, Laboratoire dePhysiqueSubatomique etdesTechnologies Associe´es:
L.Aphecetche, T.Bernier, A.Boucham,S.Bouvier, L.Conin,J.P.Cussonneau, H.Delagrange,
D.D’Enterria,B.Erazmus,S.Giliberto, B.Guillet,H.H.Gutbrod,M.S.Labalme,P.Lautridou,
F.Lefe`vre,M.LeGuay,L.Luquin,L.Martin,G.Martinez,V.Me´tivier,M.J.Mora,P.Pichot,
A.Rahmani,O.Ravel,T.Reposeur, F.Retiere,P.Rivoalan, C.S.Roy,D.Roy,Y.Schutzand
A.Tournaire.
NIKHEF, TheNetherlands, National Institute forNuclear andHighEnergy Physics:
M.Botje12),A.Buijs13),J.J.F.Buskop12),A.P.DeHaas13),P.K.A.DeWittHuberts12,13),
R.Kamermans12,13),P.G.Kuijer12,13),D.Muigg13),G.Nooren12),C.J.Oskamp13),
A.VanDenBrink13),N.VanEijndhoven13) andJ.Visschers12).
Novosibirsk, Russia, Budker Institute forNuclear Physics:
A.R.Frolov,I.N.PestovandM.A.Tiounov.
OakRidge, U.S.A., Instrumentation andControlsDivision, OakRidgeNational Laboratory:
C.L.Britton,W.L.Bryan,J.W.WalkerandA.L.Wintenberg.
Orsay, France, Institut dePhysiqueNucle´aire, Universite´ deParis-Sud:
L.Bimbot,P.F.Courtat,R.Douet,P.Edelbruck, B.Genolini,H.Harroch, D.Jouan,L.Kharmandarian,
Y.LeBornec,M.MacCormick,J.Peyre´,J.Pouthas, R.SellemandN.Willis.
Oslo, Norway, Department ofPhysics,University ofOslo:
A.K.Holme,L.M.Ingebrigtsen, G.Løvhøiden, B.Skaali,T.S.TveterandD.Wormald.
Padua, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` andSezioneINFN:
F.Antinori, F.Brandolini, N.Carrer,M.Morando, A.Pepato,F.Scarlassara, G.Segato,F.Sorameland
E.Zanoni.
Prague, CzechRepublic, Institute ofPhysics,AcademyofScience:
J.Maresˇ,E.Mihokova´, M.Nikl,K.P´ısˇka,K.Pola´kandP.Za´vada.
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Protvino, Russia, Institute forHighEnergy Physics:
A.M.Blik,M.Bogolyubsky, G.Britvitch,S.Erine,G.V.Khaoustov, I.V.Kharlov,V.N.Kolossov,
V.Lichine,M.Lobanov, S.A.Sadovski, V.D.Samoilenko, P.A.Semenov,V.I.Suzdalev, V.Tikhonov
andA.Zviagine.
Rˇezˇ uPrahy, CzechRepublic, AcademyofSciences ofCzechRepublic,Nuclear PhysicsInstitute:
V.Hanzal,J.Hosˇek,I.Hˇrivna´cˇova´, V.Kuschpil, A.Kugler,V.Petra´cˇek, M.Sˇumbera,A.Tlusty´,
V.WagnerandD.Za´koucky´.
Rome, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` ‘LaSapienza’ andSezione INFN:
S.DiLiberto,M.A.Mazzoni,F.Meddi,D.Prosperi andG.Rosa.
Saclay, France, Centred’Etudes Nucle´aires, DAPNIA/SPhN:
P.Ageron, A.Baldisseri, H.Borel,I.Chevrot,P.DeGirolamo,J.Gosset,L.Gosset,P.Hardy,
J.C.Lugol,F.M.StaleyandY.Terrien.
Salerno, Italy, Universita` diSalernoandSezione INFN:
L.Cifarelli,B.Cozzoni, A.DeCaro,G.Grella,M.Guida,A.Lavorato, J.Quartieri, G.Romano,
A.Seganti,D.Vivinanza andT.Virgili.
Sarov, Russia, Russian FederalNuclear Center(VNIIEF):
S.Abramovitch,V.Basmanov,V.Ianowski, R.Ilkaev,L.Ilkaeva, A.Ivanov,A.Khlebnikov,
E.Kolokolnikov, V.Matiev,S.Nazarenko, V.Pounine,S.Poutevskoi, I.Selin,M.Tarasov,
I.Vinogradov, S.Zhelezov andA.Zhitnik.
St.Petersburg, Russia, Institute forPhysicsofSt.Petersburg StateUniversity, Mendeleev Institute
forMetrology andMesonScientificAssociation:
L.Y.Abramova,V.S.Alexandrov, V.M.Baratov,A.A.Bolonine, M.A.Braun,V.M.Dobulevitch,
G.A.Feofilov,O.N.Godissov,S.Guerassimov, S.N.Igolkine, M.I.Ioudkine, A.A.Kolojvari,
V.Kondratiev, I.A.Novikov,S.V.Potapov,O.I.Stolyarov, T.A.Toulina,F.A.Tsimbal,F.F.Valiev,
V.V.Vetchernine, L.I.Vinogradov andL.F.Vitouchkine.
Strasbourg, France, Institut deRecherches Subatomiques:
L.Arnold,M.Ayachi,J.Baudot,J.D.Berst,J.P.Blonde´,D.Bonnet,J.P.Coffin,W.Dulinski,
M.Germain,G.Guillaume, L.Hebrard,Y.Hu,F.Jundt,C.Kuhn,J.Lutz,A.Michalon, F.Rami,
C.SuireandA.Tarchini.
Trieste, Italy, Dipartimento diFisicadell’Universita` andSezioneINFN:
V.Bonvicini, L.Bosisio, P.Camerini,A.Gregorio, N.Grion,G.Margagliotti, C.Piemonte,
A.Rachevski, R.Rui,A.VacchiandN.Zampa.
Turin, Italy, Dipartimenti diFisicadell’Universita` andINFN:
G.Alberici,B.Alessandro, R.Arnaldi,S.Beole´,G.Bonazzola, L.Busso,D.Cavagnino, P.Cerello,
E.Chiavassa, P.Cortese, E.Crescio,F.Daudo,N.DeMarco,P.DeRemigis,A.Feliciello, M.Gallio,
G.Giraudo,P.Giubellino, A.Marzari-Chiesa, M.Masera,G.Mazza,P.Mereu,B.Minetti,A.Musso,
D.Nouais,A.Piccotti,G.Piragino, L.Riccati,E.Scomparin,L.Simonetti,F.Tosello,E.Vercellin,
A.Werbrouck andR.Wheadon.
Warsaw, Poland, SoltanInstitute forNuclearStudies:
D.Czerwinski,A.Deloff,K.Karpio,S.Kozak,L.Lukaszek, H.Malinowski, T.Siemiarczuk,
G.Stefanek,L.Tykarski andG.Wilk.
vii
Warsaw, Poland, University ofTechnology, Institute ofPhysics:
J.Grabski, M.Janik,P.Kindziuk, A.Kisiel,P.Leszczynski, A.M.Maliszewski, J.M.Mazur,
T.J.Pawlak,P.Pery,W.S.Peryt,J.Pluta,M.Przewlocki, S.Radomski,A.M.Roszczewski,
P.Skowronski, P.StepienandP.Szarwas.
Wuhan, China, Institute ofParticlePhysics,Huazhong NormalUniversity:
X.Cai,Y.Hu,F.Liu,L.Liu,H.WangandD.Zhou.
Yerevan, Armenia, YerevanPhysics Institute:
R.Asatryan,M.Atayan,R.Avakian,V.Danielyan, V.Gavalian,A.Grigorian,S.Grigoryan,
H.Gulkanyan, R.Hakobyan, V.Kakoyan, S.Mehrabyan, L.Parlakyan,R.Shahoyan andH.Vardanyan.
Zagreb, Croatia, RuderBosˇkovic´ Institute:
D.Ferenc,A.Ljubicˇic´ andT.Tustonic.
1) AlsoatCERN,Geneva,Switzerland
2) OnleavefromJINR,Dubna,Russia.
3) OnleavefromIHEP,Protvino, Russia.
4) OnleavefromBudapest University, Hungary.
5) OnleavefromDipartimento diFisicadell’Universita´ andSezione INFN,Padua,Italy.
6) Institute ofPhysics,Pedagogical University, Kielce,Poland.
7) Research CentreforAppliedNuclear Physics(RCANP),Dubna,Russia.
8) Institute ofPhysicsandTechnology, Mongolian AcademyofSciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
9) Institute ofPhysics,Georgian Academy ofSciences, Tbilisi,Georgia.
10) HighEnergy PhysicsInstitute, TbilisiStateUniversity, Tbilisi,Georgia.
11) Institute ofSpaceSciences,Bucharest, Romania.
12) Foundation ofFundamental Research ofMatterinTheNetherlands.
13) UtrechtUniversity, Utrecht,TheNetherlands.
Acknowledgements
Itisapleasure toacknowledge thecontribution giventothepreparation ofthisTDRby: G.Alfarone,
Y.Ansel,D.Balke,M.Bosteels, N.Bouillo,L.Caponetto, H.Carduner, M.Caselle,A.Chlopik,
C.D’Ambrosio,M.Dialinas,C.Gojak,G.Guilloux, P.vanHaren,L.A.Kiprich, R.Kluit,C.LeMoal,
P.Lisco,D.Maniero,S.Martini, D.Mazzaro,N.M.Mikhailova, J.Nissinen,H.Z.Peek,W.Pinganaud,
A.P.Reznik,F.Rotondo,L.N.Ruzhitskaya, V.M.Ruzhitsky, M.Turcato,L.I.Tverdokhleb and
K.Wyllie.
Theeditorial board, L.Riccati,F.Antinori,J.P.Coffin,P.Giubellino, P.G.Kuijer,K.Sˇafaˇr´ık,F.Tosello
andA.Vacchi,wishes tothank allthetechnical andadministrative staff(inparticular S.Barrasand
S.Stappers) involved during thepreparation ofthisTDR.Wealsothank theDesktopPublishing
Service,fortheir professional helpwiththeediting.