TDMA and CDMA in Mobile Communications

66 Pages·2015·0.59 MB·English

by  Arun Ananth Bhatji

Florida State University Libraries
Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School
2004
TDMA and CDMA in Mobile
Communications
Arun A Bhatji
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THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE ENGINEERING

TDMA AND CDMA IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS.

By

ARUN A BHATJI.

A Thesis submitted to the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Science.

Degree Awarded:
Spring Semester, 2004.
The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Arun A. Bhatji defended on April
13, 2004.

Bruce Harvey
Professor Directing Thesis

Krishna Arora.
Committee Member

Simon Foo.
Committee Member

Approved:

Reginald J. Perry, Chair, Electrical and Computer Engineering.

The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee
members.
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Dedicated to my Parents.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to my major professor, Dr. Bruce Harvey for his guidance,
advice and constant support throughout my thesis work. I would like to thank him for being my
advisor here at Florida State University. I would like to thank Dr. Krishna Arora for her guidance
and valuable suggestions. I also wish to thank Dr. Simon Foo for his advice and support. I would
like to thank my mother, sister and relatives for their constant encouragement. I would like to
convey my utmost gratitude towards my mentor Naresh Shenoy for all his guidance and help in
every walk of life. I wish to thank the administrative staff of the Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department for their kind support. Finally, I would like to thank my friends here at
Florida State University.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ................................................................................................ viii
List of Acronyms ................................................................................................ ix
Abstract ...................................................................................................... xii

1. Introduction… ................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Multiple Access Procedures ................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access..................................... 1
1.1.1.1 Advantages of Frequency Division Multiple Access....... 2
1.1.1.2 Disadvantages of Frequency Division Multiple Access.. 3
1.1.2 Time Division Multiple Access............................................. 3
1.1.2.1 Advantages of Time Division Multiple Access............... 5
1.1.2.2 Disadvantages of Time Division Multiple Access........... 5
1.1.3 Code Division Multiple Access............................................. 5
1.1.3.1 Advantages of Code Division Multiple Access............... 6
1.1.3.2 Disadvantages of Code Division Multiple Access........... 7

2. Evolution of TDMA and CDMA.................................................................... 8

2.1 First Generation..................................................................................... 8
2.2 Second Generation................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Evolution of GSM.................................................................. 8
2.2.1.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data................................ 8
2.2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service........................................ 9
2.2.2.3 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution....................... 9
2.2.2 Evolution of CDMA............................................................... 9

3. Differences between GSM and IS-95............................................................. 11

3.1 Specifications........................................................................................ 13
3.2 OSI Reference Model............................................................................ 14
3.2.1 OSI Reference Model for GSM................................................... 15
3.2.1.1 Physical Layer................................................................ 15
3.2.1.2 Data Link Layer............................................................. 15
3.2.1.3 Network Layer............................................................... 16
3.2.1.4 Transport Layer.............................................................. 17
3.2.1.5 Session Layer................................................................. 17

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3.2.1.6 Presentation Layer.......................................................... 17
3.2.1.7 Application Layer.......................................................... 17
3.2.2 OSI Reference Model for IS-95................................................... 18
3.2.2.1 Physical Layer................................................................ 18
3.2.2.2 Data Link Layer............................................................. 19
3.2.2.3 Network Layer............................................................... 19
3.2.2.4 Upper Layers.................................................................. 20
3.3 Authentication....................................................................................... 20
3.3.1 Authentication in GSM................................................................ 20
3.3.2 Authentication in IS-95................................................................ 21
3.4 Handover/ Handoff............................................................................... 22
3.4.1 Handover Procedure in GSM....................................................... 22
3.4.1.1 Intracell Handover ........................................................... 23
3.4.1.2 Intercell Handover............................................................ 25
3.4.1.3 Inter BSC Handover......................................................... 26
3.4.1.4 Inter MSC Handover........................................................ 27
3.4.2 Handover Procedure in IS-95...................................................... 28
3.5 Network comparison and Service Selection......................................... 32

4. Future of GSM and IS-95 in Mobile Communications................................... 33
4.1 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).................................... 34
4.2 3 Generation Partnership Project 2.............................................. 38
4.2.1 Physical Layer........................................................................ 39
4.2.2 Link Layer.............................................................................. 40
4.2.2.1 Link Access Control Sublayer............................................... 40
4.2.2.2 Medium Access Control Sublayer......................................... 41
4.2.2.3 Upper Layers.......................................................................... 41

4.3 Future Advances................................................................................... 42
4.3.1 Compatibility......................................................................... 43
4.3.2 AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting)......... 44
4.3.3 Continuity and Transfer......................................................... 44

5. Interoperability between TDMA and CDMA................................................. 45

6. Conclusion and Scope for Future Study......................................................... 49

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 50

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. 53
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Frequency Division Multiple Access .................................................. 2

Figure 2: Time Division Multiple Access ........................................................... 3

Figure 3: Combined FDMA/TDMA ................................................................... 4

Figure 4: Code Division Multiple Access ........................................................... 6

Figure 5: Evolution of TDMA and CDMA ........................................................ 10

Figure 6: The hexagonal pattern of a BTS with three sectors.............................. 12

Figure 7: Cellular Hierarchy................................................................................. 13

Figure 8: OSI Reference Model............................................................................ 14

Figure 9: RAKE Receiver Correlator................................................................... 18

Figure 10: Authentication in GSM....................................................................... 21

Figure 11: Intracell Handover ............................................................................. 24

Figure 12: Intercell Handover ............................................................................. 25

Figure 13: Inter BSC Handover .......................................................................... 27

Figure 14: Mobile Assisted Soft-Handoff in IS-95.............................................. 29

Figure 15: Soft Handoff with Primary Base Station Relinquishing Control....... 30

Figure 16: Dual System Protocol Stack............................................................... 35

Figure 17: Simplified 3GPP Logical Architecture............................................... 36

Figure 18: Streamlined and Evolved 3G Logical Architecture............................ 37

Figure 19: OSI Reference Model of cdma2000................................................... 38
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Figure 20: How Notch filters reduce Interference ............................................. 47

Figure 21: A Network configuration based on the Gateway Solution ................ 48

Figure 22: Network architecture based on the dual-stack solution ..................... 48

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project-2
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
AC Authentication Center
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARQ Acknowledge ReQuest
ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation number 1
AuC Authentication Center
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BER Bite Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CELP Code-Excited Linear Prediction
CM Connection Management
CRRM Common Radio Resource Manager
CS Circuit Switched
DCS Digital Communication System
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
EIR Equipment Identity Register
ESN Electronic Serial Number
FBCCH Forward Broadcast Common Channel
F-CAPICH Forward Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel
FCCCH Forward Common Control Channel
FCS Frame Check Sequence
F-DAPICH Forward Dedicated Pilot Channel
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FM Frequency Modulation
F-QPCH Forward Quick Paging Channel
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSP Global Positioning System
HDLC High level Data Link Control
HF High Frequency
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