Table Of ContentK.C. Wang
Systems
Programming
in Unix/Linux
Systems Programming in Unix/Linux
K. C. Wang
Systems Programming
in Unix/Linux
K.C.Wang
SchoolofElectricalEngineering
WashingtonStateUniversity
Pullman,WA,USA
ISBN978-3-319-92428-1 ISBN978-3-319-92429-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92429-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018945425
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,
andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or
bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin
thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher
remainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Dedicated to
Cindy
Preface
Systems programming is an indispensable part of Computer Science and
ComputerEngineeringeducation.SystemprogrammingcoursesinComputer
Science/Engineering curriculums play two important roles. First, it provides
studentswithawiderangeofknowledgeaboutcomputersystemsoftwareand
advanced programming skills, allowing them to interface with operating
system kernel, perform file operations and network programming, and make
efficientuseofsystemresourcestodevelopapplicationprograms.Second,it
prepares students with needed background to pursue advanced studies in
Computer Science/Engineering, such as operating systems, embedded
systems, database systems, data mining, artificial intelligence, computer
networks, and distributed and parallel computing. Due to its importance,
systems programming in Unix/Linux has been a popular subject matter in
CS/CE education and also for self-study by advanced programmers. As a
result,thereareatremendousnumberofbooksandonlinearticlesinthisarea.
Despitethese,IstillfinditdifficulttochooseasuitablebookfortheSystems
Programming course I teach at WSU. For many years, I had to use my own
class notes and programming assignmentsin the course.Aftercareful think-
ing,Ihavedecidedtoputtogetherthematerialsintoabookform.
Thepurposeofthisbookistoprovideasuitableplatformforteachingand
learningthetheoryandpracticeofsystemsprogramming.Unlikemostother
books, this book covers systems programming topics in greater depth and
it stresses programming practice. It uses aseries of programmingprojects to
let students apply their acquired knowledge and programming skills to
develop practical and useful programs. The book is intended as a textbook
in technical-oriented systems programming courses. It contains detailed
example programs with complete source code, making it suitable for self-
studyalso.
Undertaking this book project has proved to be another very demanding
andtime-consumingendeavor.Whilepreparingthemanuscriptsforpublica-
tion,Ihavebeenblessedwiththeencouragementandhelpfrommanypeople.
Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankallofthem.Iwanttoespecially
thank Yan Zhang for his help in preparing figures for the book and proof-
readingthemanuscript.
vii
viii Preface
Special thanks go to Cindy for her continuing support and inspirations,
which have made this book possible. Above all, I would like to thank my
familyforbearingwithmewithendlessexcusesofbeingbusyallthetime.
Sample solutions of programming projects in the book are available for
downloadathttp://wang.eecs.wsu.edu/~kcw.Forsourcecode,pleasecontact
theauthorbyemail.
Pullman,WA,USA K.C.Wang
April,2018
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 AboutThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 RolesofSystemsProgramming. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 1
1.3 ObjectivesofThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 StrengthenStudentsProgramming
Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 ApplicationsofDynamicDataStructures. . . . 2
1.3.3 ProcessConceptandProcess
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.4 ConcurrentProgramming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.5 TimerandTimeFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.6 Signals,SignalProcessingandIPC. . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.7 Filesystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.8 TCP/IPandNetworkProgramming. . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 IntendedAudience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 UniqueFeaturesofThisBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 UseThisBookAsTextbookinSystems
ProgrammingCourses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 OtherReferenceBooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 7
1.8 IntroductiontoUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.1 AT&TUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.2 BerkeleyUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8.3 HPUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8.4 IBMUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8.5 SunUnix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9 IntroductiontoLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10 LinuxVersions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10.1 DebianLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10.2 UbuntuLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10.3 LinuxMint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.10.4 RPM-BasedLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10.5 SlackwareLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.11 LinuxHardwarePlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ix
x Contents
1.12 LinuxonVirtualMachines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.12.1 VirtualBox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.12.2 VMware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.12.3 DualBootSlackwareandUbuntuLinux. . . . . 14
1.13 UseLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.13.1 Linuxkernelimage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.13.2 LinuxBooters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.13.3 LinuxBooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.13.4 LinuxRun-levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.13.5 LoginProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.13.6 CommandExecutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.14 UseUbuntuLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.14.1 UbuntuVersions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.14.2 SpecialFeaturesofUbuntuLinux. . . . . . . . . . 17
1.15 Unix/LinuxFileSystemOrganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.15.1 FileTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.15.2 FilePathnames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.15.3 Unix/LinuxCommands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.15.4 LinuxManPages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.16 UbuntuLinuxSystemAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.16.1 UserAccounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.16.2 AddNewUser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.16.3 ThesudoCommand. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 21
1.17 Summary. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 21
2 ProgrammingBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 TextEditorsinLinux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Vim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 Gedit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.3 Emacs. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 24
2.2 UseTextEditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 UseEmacs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.2 EmacsMenus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 IDEofEmacs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 ProgramDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 ProgramDevelopmentSteps. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 VariablesinC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.3 Compile-LinkinGCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.4 Staticvs.DynamicLinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.5 ExecutableFileFormat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.6 Contentsofa.outFile. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 30
2.3.7 ProgramExecution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.8 ProgramTermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 FunctionCallinC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 Run-TimeStackUsagein32-BitGCC. . . . . . 33
2.4.2 StackFrames. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 35
2.4.3 ReturnFromFunctionCall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Contents xi
2.4.4 LongJump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.5 Run-TimeStackUsagein64-BitGCC. . . . . . 37
2.5 LinkCProgramwithAssemblyCode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.1 ProgramminginAssembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.2 ImplementFunctionsinAssembly. . . . . . . . . 43
2.5.3 CallCfunctionsfromAssembly. . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6 LinkLibrary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.6.1 StaticLinkLibrary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.6.2 DynamicLinkLibrary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Makefile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7.1 MakefileFormat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7.2 ThemakeProgram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7.3 MakefileExamples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 TheGDBDebugger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.8.1 UseGDBinEmacsIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.8.2 AdvicesonUsingDebuggingTools. . . . . . . . 58
2.8.3 CommonErrorsinCprograms. . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.9 StructuresinC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.9.1 StructureandPointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.9.2 TypecastinC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.10 LinkListProcessing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 66
2.10.1 LinkLists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.10.2 LinkListOperations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.10.3 BuildLinkList. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.10.4 LinkListTraversal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.10.5 SearchLinkList. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10.6 InsertOperation. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 72
2.10.7 PriorityQueue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.10.8 DeleteOperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.10.9 CircularLinkList. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.10.10 Open-EndedCStructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.10.11 DoublyLinkLists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.10.12 DoublyLinkListsExamplePrograms. . . . . . . 76
2.11 Trees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.12 BinaryTree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.12.1 BinarySearchTree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.12.2 BuildaBinarySearchTree(BST). . . . . . . . . 86
2.12.3 BinaryTreeTraversalAlgorithms. . . . . . . . . . 87
2.12.4 Depth-FirstTraversalAlgorithms. . . . . . . . . . 87
2.12.5 Breadth-FirstTraversalAlgorithms. . . . . . . . . 88
2.13 ProgrammingProject:Unix/LinuxFileSystem
TreeSimulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.13.1 Unix/LinuxFileSystemTree. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.13.2 ImplementGeneralTreebyBinaryTree. . . . . 90
2.13.3 ProjectSpecificationandRequirements. . . . . . 90
2.13.4 CommandsSpecification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.13.5 ProgramOrganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
