System of Systems Modeling and Analysis

288 Pages·2022·62.507 MB·English

by  Daniel A. DeLaurentis, Kushal Moolchandani, Cesare Guariniello

System of Systems
Modeling and Analysis
This book provides the reader with motivation, theory, methodology, and ex-
amples of modeling and analysis for system of system (SoS) problems. In addition
to theory, the text contains history and conceptual definitions, as well as the theo-
retical fundamentals of SoS modeling and analysis. It then describes methods for
SoS modeling and analysis, including use of existing methodology and original
work, specifically oriented to SoS.
Providing a bridge between theory and practice for modeling and analysis of
SoS, System of Systems Modeling and Analysis includes generalized concepts and
Methods, Tools, and Processes (MTP) applicable to SoS across any application
domain. Examples of application from various fields will be used to provide a
practical demonstration of the use of the methodologies.
Features
• Offers a modern presentation of SoS principles and guided description
of applying a modeling and analysis process to SoS engineering
• Provides additional modeling approaches useful for SoS engineering, in-
cluding agent-based modeling
• Covers the current gap in literature between theory and modeling/ap-
plication
• Features examples of applications from various fields, such as energy
grids and regional transportation
• Includes questions, examples, and exercises at the end of each chapter
This book is intended for senior undergraduate students in engineering programs
studying SoS modeling, SoS analysis, and SoS engineering courses. Professional
engineers will also benefit from MTP and examples as a baseline for specific user
applications.
SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Series Editor
Mo Jamshidi
System of Systems Engineering: Principles and Applications
Edited by Mo Jamshidi
Discrete-Time Inverse Optimal Control for Nonlinear Systems
Edgar N. Sanches, Gernando Ornelas- Tellez
Netcentric System of Systems Engineering with DEVS Unified
Process
Saurabh Mittal, Jose L. Risco Martin
Intelligent Control Systems with an Introduction to System of Systems Engineering
Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Ferat Sahin, Mo Jamshidi
Emergent Behavior in System of Systems Engineering: Real World Applications
Larry B. Rainey, Thomas O. Holland
System of Systems Modeling and Analysis
Daniel A. DeLaurentis, Kushal Moolchandani, Cesare Guariniello
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/System-of-Systems-
Engineering/book-series/CRCSYSENGELE
System of Systems
Modeling and Analysis
Daniel A. DeLaurentis
Kushal Moolchandani
Cesare Guariniello
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of
MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The
MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Daniel A. DeLaurentis, Kushal Moolchandani, and Cesare Guariniello
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub-
lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced
in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so
we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com
or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-13830-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-13836-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-23101-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003231011
Typeset in Nimbus Roman
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Dedication
DD To Prof. Mo Jamshidi, dedicated builder of System of
Systems community; to my early mentors: Daniel P.
Schrage, Dimitri N. Mavris, and to SoS generational
thinkerRobertK.Callaway
KM To papa, mummy, and Harsha; and to all others who
helpedmereachwhereIamtoday
CG To my mom and dad, my sister, and all the friends and
relativeswhoneverceasedtosupportmydesiretolearn

Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors...........................................................................................................xvii
Authors....................................................................................................................xix
PART I Systems of Systems: Theory and Process for
Modeling and Analysis
Chapter1 WhatIsaSystemofSystems?.........................................................3
1.1 Motivation:ABetterApproachforGenerational
Challenges...............................................................................3
1.2 SystemsandSystemsThinking..............................................5
1.3 DefiningSystems.....................................................................8
1.3.1 ComplexSystems.......................................................9
1.4 BriefHistoryofSystemofSystems.....................................11
1.5 WhatisaSystemofSystems?..............................................13
1.5.1 DistinguishingSoSonAttributes.............................14
1.5.2 ClassifyingSoSonControlAuthority.....................16
1.5.2.1 DirectedSystemofSystems....................16
1.5.2.2 AcknowledgedSystemofSystems..........17
1.5.2.3 CollaborativeSystemofSystems............18
1.5.2.4 VirtualSystemofSystems.......................19
1.6 ChapterSummary.................................................................19
1.7 DiscussionQuestionsandExercises.....................................21
1.7.1 DiscussionQuestions...............................................21
1.7.2 Exercises..................................................................21
Chapter2 WhatIsSystemofSystemsEngineering?.....................................23
2.1 OverviewofSystemsEngineering........................................23
2.2 RoleofModelingandAnalysis............................................26
2.3 SystemofSystemsEngineering...........................................29
2.3.1 WhatisDifferent?....................................................29
2.3.2 SystemsThinking:AKeytoSoSE..........................31
vii
viii Contents
2.3.3 DistinctiveFeaturesofSoSE...................................33
2.3.4 SoSE:AnIndustrialSnapshot..................................34
2.3.5 SoSEinAcademia:SmallStart,SteadyGrowth.....35
2.4 Example: Air Transportation System as a System of
Systems.................................................................................36
2.5 ChapterSummary.................................................................36
2.6 DiscussionQuestions............................................................37
Chapter3 AFormalProcessofSoSModelingandAnalysis........................39
3.1 SoSRepresentation...............................................................39
3.1.1 SoSRepresentationandHierarchy..........................39
3.1.2 Lexicon....................................................................41
3.1.3 Taxonomy................................................................43
3.2 A3-PhaseMethodforSoSProblems...................................45
3.3 DefinitionPhaseandTools...................................................45
3.3.1 ExampleDefinition:ATS.........................................48
3.4 AbstractionPhaseandTools.................................................49
3.4.1 ExampleAbstraction:ATS......................................52
3.5 ImplementationPhaseandTools..........................................53
3.5.1 VerificationandValidation.......................................54
3.5.2 ExampleImplementation:ATS................................56
3.6 ChapterSummary.................................................................56
3.7 DiscussionQuestionsandExercises.....................................58
3.7.1 DiscussionQuestions...............................................58
3.7.2 Exercises..................................................................59
PART II Methods and Tools for System of Systems
Modeling and Analysis
Chapter4 BridgingTheoryandPractice........................................................63
4.1 ChoosingtheRightQuestions..............................................63
4.2 ChoosingtheRightTools.....................................................65
4.3 PuttingitAllTogether:TheSoSM&AProject....................76
4.3.1 OverallProjectDescription......................................77
4.3.1.1 Overview.................................................77
4.3.1.2 ProjectLearningObjectives....................77
4.3.1.3 ProjectTechnicalObjective.....................77
4.3.1.4 ProjectDeliverableItems........................78
4.3.2 DefinitionPhaseDeliverable...................................78
4.3.2.1 Format......................................................78
4.3.2.2 Procedure.................................................78
Contents ix
4.3.3 AbstractionPhaseDeliverable.................................79
4.3.3.1 Format......................................................79
4.3.3.2 Procedure.................................................79
4.3.4 ImplementationPhaseDeliverable..........................80
4.3.4.1 DeliverableItemsandExpectations........80
4.3.4.2 ReportSpecifics.......................................81
4.3.4.3 PosterPresentationSpecifics...................81
4.4 Notes on Applications and Selected List of SoS M&A
ProjectTopics.......................................................................82
4.5 ChapterSummary.................................................................84
Chapter5 NetworkTheory.............................................................................85
5.1 BasicGraphTheoryandNetworkMeasures........................85
5.1.1 Typesofnetworks....................................................86
5.1.1.1 UndirectedNetwork................................86
5.1.1.2 DirectedNetwork....................................86
5.1.1.3 Hypergraphs.............................................87
5.1.1.4 BipartiteGraphs.......................................87
5.1.1.5 NetworkTypesBasedonTopology.........88
5.1.2 MeasuresinNetworkTheory...................................89
5.1.2.1 Degree,DegreeDistribution,and
NetworkDensity......................................90
5.1.2.2 Paths,Cycles,andNetworkDiameter.....92
5.1.2.3 ClusteringCoefficient..............................93
5.1.2.4 NodeCentrality.......................................94
5.1.2.5 Assortativity.............................................95
5.2 ModelingNetworkDynamics...............................................95
5.2.1 GrowthAlgorithms:RandomNetwork....................97
5.2.2 GrowthAlgorithms:Scale-FreeNetwork................97
5.3 UsingNetworksforSoSModelingandAnalysis.................98
5.3.1 ModelingInteractionsandFlowwithinNetworks..99
5.3.2 BehaviorsofComplexNetworks...........................101
5.3.2.1 Example 4: Disease Spread via
RandomGeometricGraphs...................101
5.4 Modeling the Air Transportation System Using
NetworkTheory..................................................................102
5.5 ChapterSummary...............................................................104
5.6 DiscussionQuestionsandExercises...................................105
5.6.1 DiscussionQuestions.............................................105
5.6.2 Exercises................................................................105
Chapter6 Agent-BasedModeling................................................................107
6.1 ABriefIntroductiontoAgent-BasedModeling.................107
6.1.1 WhatareAgents?...................................................110