System Administration Guide Basic Administration

192 Pages·2011·1.41 MB·English

by  Oracle Corporation

SystemAdministrationGuide:Basic
Administration
PartNo:821–1451–01
November2010
Copyright©1998,2010,Oracleand/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.
Thissoftwareandrelateddocumentationareprovidedunderalicenseagreementcontainingrestrictionsonuseanddisclosureandareprotectedbyintellectual
propertylaws.Exceptasexpresslypermittedinyourlicenseagreementorallowedbylaw,youmaynotuse,copy,reproduce,translate,broadcast,modify,license,
transmit,distribute,exhibit,perform,publish,ordisplayanypart,inanyform,orbyanymeans.Reverseengineering,disassembly,ordecompilationofthissoftware,
unlessrequiredbylawforinteroperability,isprohibited.
Theinformationcontainedhereinissubjecttochangewithoutnoticeandisnotwarrantedtobeerror-free.Ifyoufindanyerrors,pleasereportthemtousinwriting.
IfthisissoftwareorrelatedsoftwaredocumentationthatisdeliveredtotheU.S.GovernmentoranyonelicensingitonbehalfoftheU.S.Government,thefollowing
noticeisapplicable:
U.S.GOVERNMENTRIGHTSPrograms,software,databases,andrelateddocumentationandtechnicaldatadeliveredtoU.S.Governmentcustomersare
“commercialcomputersoftware”or“commercialtechnicaldata”pursuanttotheapplicableFederalAcquisitionRegulationandagency-specificsupplemental
regulations.Assuch,theuse,duplication,disclosure,modification,andadaptationshallbesubjecttotherestrictionsandlicensetermssetforthintheapplicable
Governmentcontract,and,totheextentapplicablebythetermsoftheGovernmentcontract,theadditionalrightssetforthinFAR52.227-19,Commercial
ComputerSoftwareLicense(December2007).OracleAmerica,Inc.,500OracleParkway,RedwoodCity,CA94065.
Thissoftwareorhardwareisdevelopedforgeneraluseinavarietyofinformationmanagementapplications.Itisnotdevelopedorintendedforuseinanyinherently
dangerousapplications,includingapplicationswhichmaycreateariskofpersonalinjury.Ifyouusethissoftwareorhardwareindangerousapplications,thenyou
shallberesponsibletotakeallappropriatefail-safe,backup,redundancy,andothermeasurestoensureitssafeuse.OracleCorporationanditsaffiliatesdisclaimany
liabilityforanydamagescausedbyuseofthissoftwareorhardwareindangerousapplications.
OracleandJavaareregisteredtrademarksofOracleand/oritsaffiliates.Othernamesmaybetrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.
AMD,Opteron,theAMDlogo,andtheAMDOpteronlogoaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofAdvancedMicroDevices.IntelandIntelXeonare
trademarksorregisteredtrademarksofIntelCorporation.AllSPARCtrademarksareusedunderlicenseandaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofSPARC
International,Inc.UNIXisaregisteredtrademarklicensedthroughX/OpenCompany,Ltd.
Thissoftwareorhardwareanddocumentationmayprovideaccesstoorinformationoncontent,products,andservicesfromthirdparties.OracleCorporationand
itsaffiliatesarenotresponsibleforandexpresslydisclaimallwarrantiesofanykindwithrespecttothird-partycontent,products,andservices.OracleCorporation
anditsaffiliateswillnotberesponsibleforanyloss,costs,ordamagesincurredduetoyouraccesstooruseofthird-partycontent,products,orservices.
Copyright©1998,2010,Oracleet/ousesaffiliés.Tousdroitsréservés.
Celogicieletladocumentationquil’accompagnesontprotégésparlesloissurlapropriétéintellectuelle.Ilssontconcédéssouslicenceetsoumisàdesrestrictions
d’utilisationetdedivulgation.Saufdispositiondevotrecontratdelicenceoudelaloi,vousnepouvezpascopier,reproduire,traduire,diffuser,modifier,breveter,
transmettre,distribuer,exposer,exécuter,publierouafficherlelogiciel,mêmepartiellement,sousquelqueformeetparquelqueprocédéquecesoit.Parailleurs,ilest
interditdeprocéderàtouteingénierieinversedulogiciel,deledésassembleroudeledécompiler,exceptéàdesfinsd’interopérabilitéavecdeslogicielstiersoutelque
prescritparlaloi.
Lesinformationsfourniesdanscedocumentsontsusceptiblesdemodificationsanspréavis.Parailleurs,OracleCorporationnegarantitpasqu’ellessoientexemptes
d’erreursetvousinvite,lecaséchéant,àluienfairepartparécrit.
Sicelogiciel,ouladocumentationquil’accompagne,estconcédésouslicenceauGouvernementdesEtats-Unis,ouàtouteentitéquidélivrelalicencedecelogiciel
oul’utilisepourlecompteduGouvernementdesEtats-Unis,lanoticesuivantes’applique:
U.S.GOVERNMENTRIGHTS.Programs,software,databases,andrelateddocumentationandtechnicaldatadeliveredtoU.S.Governmentcustomersare
"commercialcomputersoftware"or"commercialtechnicaldata"pursuanttotheapplicableFederalAcquisitionRegulationandagency-specificsupplemental
regulations.Assuch,theuse,duplication,disclosure,modification,andadaptationshallbesubjecttotherestrictionsandlicensetermssetforthintheapplicable
Governmentcontract,and,totheextentapplicablebythetermsoftheGovernmentcontract,theadditionalrightssetforthinFAR52.227-19,Commercial
ComputerSoftwareLicense(December2007).OracleAmerica,Inc.,500OracleParkway,RedwoodCity,CA94065.
Celogicieloumatérielaétédéveloppépourunusagegénéraldanslecadred’applicationsdegestiondesinformations.Celogicieloumatérieln’estpasconçunin’est
destinéàêtreutilisédansdesapplicationsàrisque,notammentdansdesapplicationspouvantcauserdesdommagescorporels.Sivousutilisezcelogicieloumatériel
danslecadred’applicationsdangereuses,ilestdevotreresponsabilitédeprendretouteslesmesuresdesecours,desauvegarde,deredondanceetautresmesures
nécessairesàsonutilisationdansdesconditionsoptimalesdesécurité.OracleCorporationetsesaffiliésdéclinenttouteresponsabilitéquantauxdommagescausés
parl’utilisationdecelogicieloumatérielpourcetyped’applications.
OracleetJavasontdesmarquesdéposéesd’OracleCorporationet/oudesesaffiliés.Toutautrenommentionnépeutcorrespondreàdesmarquesappartenantà
d’autrespropriétairesqu’Oracle.
AMD,Opteron,lelogoAMDetlelogoAMDOpteronsontdesmarquesoudesmarquesdéposéesd’AdvancedMicroDevices.InteletIntelXeonsontdesmarquesou
desmarquesdéposéesd’IntelCorporation.TouteslesmarquesSPARCsontutiliséessouslicenceetsontdesmarquesoudesmarquesdéposéesdeSPARC
International,Inc.UNIXestunemarquedéposéeconcédésouslicenseparX/OpenCompany,Ltd.
110425@25097
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................................11
1 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Overview) .........................................................................17
WhatAreUserAccountsandGroups?.............................................................................................17
UserAccountComponents ........................................................................................................17
GuidelinesforAssigningUserNames,UserIDs,andGroupIDs..........................................24
WhereUserAccountandGroupInformationIsStored ................................................................24
FieldsinthepasswdFile ..............................................................................................................25
DefaultpasswdFile ......................................................................................................................25
FieldsintheshadowFile ..............................................................................................................27
FieldsinthegroupFile ................................................................................................................28
DefaultgroupFile ........................................................................................................................28
ToolsforUserAccountandGroupAccountManagement ...........................................................29
CustomizingaUser'sWorkEnvironment .......................................................................................30
UsingSiteInitializationFiles ......................................................................................................31
AvoidingLocalSystemReferences ............................................................................................31
ShellFeatures................................................................................................................................31
Bashandksh93ShellHistory......................................................................................................32
Bashandksh93ShellEnvironmentVariables..........................................................................33
CustomizingtheBashShell ........................................................................................................35
AbouttheMANPATHEnvironmentVariable...............................................................................36
ThePATHVariable ........................................................................................................................36
LocaleVariables ...........................................................................................................................37
DefaultFilePermissions(umask) ...............................................................................................38
CustomizingaUserInitializationFile.......................................................................................39
3
Contents
2 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Tasks).................................................................................41
SettingUpandAdministeringUserAccounts(TaskMap) ...........................................................41
SettingUpUserAccounts ..................................................................................................................42
GatheringUserInformation.......................................................................................................42
▼HowtoCustomizeUserInitializationFiles ..............................................................................43
▼HowtoSetAccountDefaults......................................................................................................44
▼HowtoAddaUser.......................................................................................................................45
▼HowtoDeleteaUser ...................................................................................................................45
▼HowtoAddaRole .......................................................................................................................46
▼HowtoAddaGroup....................................................................................................................47
▼HowtoShareaUser'sHomeDirectory.....................................................................................48
ManuallyMountingaUser'sHomeDirectory. ........................................................................48
3 IntroductiontoShuttingDownandBootingaSystem ................................................................49
What'sNewinShuttingDownandBootingaSystem ....................................................................49
SupportforFastRebootontheSPARCPlatform.....................................................................50
AutomaticBootArchiveRecovery ............................................................................................50
GNOMERestartDialogSupportforFastReboot....................................................................51
SupportforFastRebootonthex86Platform ...........................................................................51
iSCSIBoot.....................................................................................................................................51
WheretoFindShutDownandBootTasks ......................................................................................52
ShutDownandBootTerminology ...................................................................................................53
GuidelinesforShuttingDownaSystem...........................................................................................53
GuidelinesforBootingaSystem........................................................................................................54
WhentoShutDownaSystem............................................................................................................55
WhentoBootaSystem.......................................................................................................................56
4 ShuttingDownandBootingaSystem(Overview) ........................................................................57
FundamentalsoftheOracleSolarisBootDesign ............................................................................57
OverviewoftheSPARCBootArchitecture......................................................................................59
SupportforBootingMultipleKernels.......................................................................................60
ImplementationoftheBootArchivesonSPARC ....................................................................60
x86:OverviewoftheGRUBBootloader...........................................................................................61
GRUBBasedBooting ..................................................................................................................61
x86:SupportforthefindrootCommand................................................................................62
4 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration • November2010
Contents
x86:SupportforFastReboot..............................................................................................................62
x86:FastRebootFeatureEnhancements...................................................................................62
quiesceFunction ........................................................................................................................63
uadminFunction...........................................................................................................................64
BootingFromanOracleSolarisZFSRootFileSystem...................................................................64
5 ShuttingDownaSystem(Tasks).......................................................................................................67
ShuttingDowntheSystem(TaskMap)............................................................................................67
ShuttingDowntheSystem .................................................................................................................68
SystemShutdownCommands ...................................................................................................68
UserNotificationofSystemDownTime ..................................................................................69
▼HowtoDetermineWhoIsLoggedintoaSystem ...................................................................70
▼HowtoShutDownaServer........................................................................................................70
▼HowtoShutDownaStand-AloneSystem ...............................................................................73
TurningOffPowertoAllDevices .....................................................................................................75
▼HowtoTurnOffPowertoAllDevices......................................................................................75
6 ModifyingOracleSolarisBootBehavior(Tasks)............................................................................77
ModifyingBootBehavioronSPARCBasedSystems(TaskMap).................................................77
ModifyingBootBehavioronSPARCBasedSystems......................................................................78
SPARC:UsingtheBootPROM ..................................................................................................78
▼SPARC:HowtoFindthePROMRevisionNumberforaSystem...........................................79
▼SPARC:HowtoIdentifyDevicesonaSystem..........................................................................79
▼SPARC:HowtoDeterminetheDefaultBootDevice ..............................................................81
▼SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultBootDevicebyUsingtheBootPROM.......................81
▼SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultBootDevicebyUsingtheeepromCommand............83
SPARC:ResettingtheSystem .....................................................................................................83
▼SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultKernelbyUsingtheBootPROM ................................83
▼SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultKernelbyUsingtheeepromCommand .....................84
ModifyingBootBehavioronx86BasedSystems(TaskMap) .......................................................85
ModifyingBootBehavioronx86BasedSystems ............................................................................85
▼x86:HowtoModifyBootBehaviorbyUsingtheeepromCommand....................................86
x86:ModifyingBootBehaviorbyEditingtheGRUBMenuatBootTime ...........................87
BootArgumentsThatCanBeSpecifiedbyEditingtheGRUBMenuatBootTime ...........87
▼x86:HowtoModifyBootBehaviorbyEditingtheGRUBMenuatBootTime ...................88
5
Contents
x86:ModifyingBootBehaviorbyEditingthemenu.lstFile .................................................89
▼x86:HowtoModifyBootBehaviorbyEditingthemenu.lstFile .........................................90
x86:LocatingtheActiveGRUBmenu.lstFile.........................................................................92
x86:ImplementationofthefindrootCommand ...................................................................92
▼x86:HowtoAddGRUBMenuEntriesThatUsethefindrootCommand .........................93
7 BootinganOracleSolarisSystem(Tasks)........................................................................................95
BootingaSPARCBasedSystem(TaskMap) ...................................................................................95
BootingaSPARCBasedSystem.........................................................................................................96
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevel3(MultiuserLevel)...........................................96
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevelS(Single-UserLevel) .......................................97
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemInteractively ............................................................................98
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaKernelOtherThantheDefaultKernel............................................100
SPARC:BootingFromaSpecifiedZFSRootFileSystem .............................................................101
▼SPARC:HowtoListAvailableBootableDatasetsWithinaZFSRootPool ........................102
▼SPARC:HowtoBootFromaSpecifiedZFSRootFileSystem..............................................103
BootingaSPARCBasedSystemFromtheNetwork......................................................................105
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemFromtheNetwork ................................................................105
Bootinganx86BasedSystem(TaskMap)......................................................................................107
Bootinganx86BasedSystem...........................................................................................................107
▼x86:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevel3(Multiuser) .........................................................107
▼x86:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevelS(Single-UserLevel)............................................108
▼x86:HowtoBootaSystemInteractively.................................................................................109
x86:BootingFromaSpecifiedZFSRootFileSystem....................................................................110
▼x86:HowtoDisplayaListoftheAvailableZFSBootEnvironments ..................................111
▼x86:HowtoBootFromaSpecifiedZFSRootFileSystem ....................................................111
UsingFastReboot(TaskMap).........................................................................................................112
UsingFastReboot..............................................................................................................................113
▼HowtoInitiateaFastRebootofaSPARCBasedSystem ......................................................113
▼HowtoInitiateaFastRebootofanx86BasedSystem...........................................................114
▼x86:HowtoFastRebootaSystemtothenthEntryintheGRUBmenu.lstFile ...............114
x86:InitiatingaFastRebootofaSystembySpecifyinganAlternateBootEnvironment.115
PerformingaSlowRebootofaSystem ....................................................................................116
ManagingtheBootConfigurationService .............................................................................116
x86:DebuggingEarlyPanicsThatMightOccur....................................................................117
6 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration • November2010
Contents
x86:TroubleshootingConditionsThatMightPreventFastRebootFromWorking ........117
Bootinganx86BasedSystemfromtheNetwork...........................................................................118
x86:AboutDHCPMacros ........................................................................................................119
▼x86:HowtoPerformaGRUBBasedBootFromtheNetwork.............................................121
8 TroubleshootingBootinganOracleSolarisSystem(Tasks).......................................................123
TroubleshootingBootingontheSPARCPlatform(TaskMap) ..................................................123
TroubleshootingBootingontheSPARCPlatform .......................................................................124
▼SPARC:HowtoStoptheSystemforRecoveryPurposes ......................................................124
SPARC:ForcingaCrashDumpandRebootoftheSystem...................................................125
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemforRecoveryPurposes .........................................................126
▼SPARC:HowtoBootaZFSRootEnvironmenttoRecoverFromaLostPasswordorSimilar
Problem.......................................................................................................................................128
▼SPARC:HowtoBoottheSystemWiththeKernelDebugger(kmdb) ..................................129
TroubleshootingBootingonthex86Platform(TaskMap).........................................................130
Troubleshootingonthex86Platform.............................................................................................130
▼x86:HowtoStopaSystemforRecoveryPurposes ................................................................130
x86:ForcingaCrashDumpandRebootoftheSystem .........................................................131
▼x86:HowtoBootaSystemWiththeKernelDebuggerintheGRUBBootEnvironment
(kmdb)...........................................................................................................................................132
9 ManagingtheOracleSolarisBootArchives(Tasks) ....................................................................135
ManagingtheOracleSolarisBootArchives(TaskMap)..............................................................135
DescriptionoftheOracleSolarisBootArchives ...........................................................................136
Managingtheboot-archiveService..............................................................................................137
▼HowtoEnableorDisabletheboot-archiveService............................................................137
AdministeringAutomaticBootArchiveRecovery .......................................................................138
▼x86:HowtoClearAutomaticBootArchiveUpdateFailuresbyUsingthe
auto-reboot-safeProperty....................................................................................................138
▼HowtoClearAutomaticBootArchiveUpdateFailuresbyUsingthebootadm
Command...................................................................................................................................139
UsingthebootadmCommandtoManagetheBootArchives ......................................................139
▼HowtoManuallyUpdatetheBootArchivebyUsingthebootadmCommand..................140
▼HowtoListContentsoftheBootArchive ..............................................................................140
▼x86:HowtoLocatetheActiveGRUBMenuandListCurrentMenuEntries.....................141
▼x86:HowtoSettheDefaultBootEntryfortheActiveGRUBMenu...................................141
7
Contents
10 x86:GRUBBasedBooting(Reference)...........................................................................................143
x86:BootProcesses ...........................................................................................................................143
x86:SystemBIOS .......................................................................................................................143
x86:SupportforGRUBintheOracleSolarisOS...........................................................................144
x86:GRUBTerminology ..........................................................................................................144
x86:FunctionalComponentsofGRUB ..................................................................................145
11 ManagingServices(Overview)........................................................................................................147
IntroductiontoSMF .........................................................................................................................147
ChangesinBehaviorWhenUsingSMF .........................................................................................148
SMFConcepts....................................................................................................................................149
SMFService ................................................................................................................................149
ServiceIdentifiers.......................................................................................................................150
ServiceStates...............................................................................................................................151
SMFManifests............................................................................................................................151
SMFProfiles................................................................................................................................152
ServiceConfigurationRepository............................................................................................152
SMFRepositoryBackups ..........................................................................................................153
SMFSnapshots ...........................................................................................................................153
SMFAdministrativeandProgrammingInterfaces.......................................................................154
SMFCommand-LineAdministrativeUtilities ......................................................................154
ServiceManagementConfigurationLibraryInterfaces........................................................154
SMFComponents .............................................................................................................................155
SMFMasterRestarterDaemon................................................................................................155
SMFDelegatedRestarters.........................................................................................................155
SMFandBooting...............................................................................................................................155
SMFCompatibility............................................................................................................................156
RunLevels ..........................................................................................................................................156
WhentoUseRunLevelsorMilestones...................................................................................157
DeterminingaSystem'sRunLevel...........................................................................................158
/etc/inittabFile.............................................................................................................................158
WhatHappensWhentheSystemIsBroughttoRunLevel3................................................159
12 ManagingServices(Tasks)...............................................................................................................161
ManagingServices(TaskMap)........................................................................................................161
8 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration • November2010
Contents
MonitoringSMFServices.................................................................................................................162
▼HowtoListtheStatusofaService............................................................................................162
▼HowtoShowWhichServicesAreDependentonaServiceInstance ..................................164
▼HowtoShowWhichServicesaServiceIsDependentOn ....................................................164
ManagingSMFServices(TaskMap)...............................................................................................165
ManagingSMFServices....................................................................................................................165
UsingRBACRightsProfilesWithSMF...................................................................................165
▼HowtoDisableaServiceInstance............................................................................................166
▼HowtoEnableaServiceInstance.............................................................................................166
▼HowtoRestartaService............................................................................................................167
▼HowtoRestoreaServiceThatIsintheMaintenanceState ..................................................167
▼HowtoReverttoAnotherSMFSnapshot...............................................................................168
▼HowtoCreateanSMFProfile ..................................................................................................169
▼HowtoApplyanSMFProfile ...................................................................................................170
▼ChangingServicesOfferedtotheNetworkwithgeneric*.xml..........................................171
ConfiguringSMFServices................................................................................................................171
▼HowtoModifyaService ...........................................................................................................171
▼HowtoChangeanEnvironmentVariableforaService........................................................172
▼HowtoChangeaPropertyforaninetdControlledService ................................................173
▼HowtoModifyaCommand-LineArgumentforaninetdControlledService.................174
▼HowtoConvertinetd.confEntries.......................................................................................175
UsingRunControlScripts(TaskMap) ..........................................................................................176
UsingRunControlScripts ...............................................................................................................176
▼HowtoUseaRunControlScripttoStoporStartaLegacyService.....................................176
▼HowtoAddaRunControlScript............................................................................................177
▼HowtoDisableaRunControlScript ......................................................................................178
TroubleshootingtheServiceManagementFacility.......................................................................179
▼DebuggingaServiceThatIsNotStarting ...............................................................................179
▼HowtoRepairaCorruptRepository.......................................................................................179
▼HowtoBootWithoutStartingAnyServices ..........................................................................182
▼HowtoForceasuloginPromptIfthesystem/filesystem/local:defaultServiceFails
DuringBoot................................................................................................................................182
Index ...................................................................................................................................................185
9
10