System Administration Guide: Basic Administration

766 Pages·2003·2.66 MB·English

System Administration Guide:
Basic Administration
SunMicrosystems,Inc.
4150NetworkCircle
SantaClara,CA95054
U.S.A.
PartNo:817–2874
December2003
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Contents
Preface 27
1 SolarisManagementTools(Roadmap) 31
What’sNewinSolarisManagementTools? 31
MatrixofSolarisManagementToolsSupport 32
FeatureDescriptionsforSolaris9ManagementTools 33
FeatureDescriptionsforSolaris8ManagementTools 34
FeatureDescriptionsforPreviousSolarisManagementTools 36
AvailabilitySolarisManagementCommands 36
Solaris9SystemManagementCommands 37
Solaris8SystemManagementCommands 38
DescriptionsforPreviousSolarisManagementCommands 38
ForMoreInformationAboutSolarisManagementTools 39
2 WorkingWiththeSolarisManagementConsole(Tasks) 41
SolarisManagementConsole(Overview) 41
WhatIstheSolarisManagementConsole? 41
SolarisManagementConsoleTools 42
WhyUsetheSolarisManagementConsole? 44
OrganizationoftheSolarisManagementConsole 45
ChangingtheSolarisManagementConsoleWindow 46
SolarisManagementConsoleDocumentation 46
HowMuchRole-BasedAccessControl? 46
BecomingSuperuser(root)orAssumingaRole 48
(cid:1)HowtoBecomeSuperuser(root)orAssumeaRole 48
3
UsingtheSolarisManagementToolsWithRBAC(TaskMap) 50
IfYouAretheFirsttoLogIntotheConsole 51
CreatingthePrimaryAdministratorRole 51
(cid:1)HowtoCreatetheFirstRole(PrimaryAdministrator) 53
(cid:1)HowtoAssumethePrimaryAdministratorRole 53
StartingtheSolarisManagementConsole 54
(cid:1)HowtoStarttheConsoleasSuperuserorasaRole 54
UsingtheSolarisManagementToolsinaNameServiceEnvironment(Task
Map) 56
RBACSecurityFiles 56
PrerequisitesforUsingtheSolarisManagementConsoleinaNameService
Environment 58
ManagementScope 58
The/etc/nsswitch.confFile 58
(cid:1)HowtoCreateaToolboxforaSpecificEnvironment 59
(cid:1)HowtoAddaTooltoaToolbox 60
(cid:1)HowtoStarttheSolarisManagementConsoleinaNameService
Environment 61
AddingToolstotheSolarisManagementConsole 62
(cid:1)HowtoAddaLegacyTooltoaToolbox 62
(cid:1)HowtoInstallanUnbundledTool 62
TroubleshootingtheSolarisManagementConsole 63
(cid:1)HowtoTroubleshoottheSolarisManagementConsole 63
3 ManagingUsersandGroupsTopics 65
4 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Overview) 67
What’sNewinManagingUsersandGroups? 67
SolarisManagementConsoleToolsSuite 68
SolarisDirectoryServices 68
ManagingUsersandResourcesWithProjects 68
WhatAreUserAccountsandGroups? 69
GuidelinesforManagingUserAccounts 70
NameServices 70
User(Login)Names 70
UserIDNumbers 71
Passwords 73
PasswordAging 74
4 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration(cid:127)December2003
HomeDirectories 75
User’sWorkEnvironment 75
GuidelinesforManagingGroups 76
ToolsforManagingUserAccountsandGroups 77
WhatYouCanDoWithSolarisUserManagementTools 78
ManagingHomeDirectoriesWiththeSolarisManagementConsole 81
ModifyUserAccounts 81
DeleteUserAccounts 82
AddCustomizedUserInitializationFiles 82
AdministerPasswords 82
DisableUserAccounts 83
WhereUserAccountandGroupInformationIsStored 83
FieldsinthepasswdFile 83
FieldsintheshadowFile 85
FieldsinthegroupFile 86
CustomizingaUser’sWorkEnvironment 88
UsingSiteInitializationFiles 90
AvoidLocalSystemReferences 90
ShellFeatures 91
ShellEnvironment 91
ThePATHVariable 94
LocaleVariables 95
DefaultFilePermissions(umask) 96
ExamplesofUserandSiteInitializationFiles 97
Example—SiteInitializationFile 98
5 ManagingUserAccountsandGroups(Tasks) 101
SettingUpUserAccounts(TaskMap) 101
HowtoGatherUserInformation 102
(cid:1)HowtoCustomizeUserInitializationFiles 103
(cid:1)HowtoAddaGroupwiththeSolarisManagementConsole’sGroups
Tool 105
(cid:1)HowtoAddaUserWiththeSolarisManagementConsole’sUsersTool 106
Example—AddingaUserWiththeSolarisManagementConsole’sGroups
Tool 106
HowtoAddGroupsandUsersWithCLITools 107
(cid:1)HowtoShareaUser’sHomeDirectory 107
(cid:1)HowtoMountaUser’sHomeDirectory 109
Contents 5
MaintainingUserAccounts(TaskMap) 110
SolarisUserRegistration 111
AccessingSolarisSolve 111
TroubleshootingSolarisUserRegistrationProblems 112
(cid:1)HowtoRestartSolarisUserRegistration 113
(cid:1)HowToDisableUserRegistration 113
6 ManagingServerandClientSupportTopics 115
7 ManagingServerandClientSupport(Overview) 117
What’sNewinServerandClientManagement? 117
DisklessClientSupport 117
WheretoFindServerandClientTasks 118
WhatAreServers,Clients,andAppliances? 118
WhatDoesClientSupportMean? 119
OverviewofSystemTypes 120
Servers 120
StandaloneSystems 121
DisklessClients 121
AutoClientSystems 122
Appliances 122
GuidelinesforChoosingSystemTypes 122
DisklessClientManagementOverview 123
OSServerandDisklessClientSupportInformation 124
DisklessClientManagementFeatures 124
DiskSpaceRequirementsforOSServers 127
8 ManagingDisklessClients(Tasks) 129
ManagingDisklessClients(TaskMap) 129
ManagingDisklessClients 130
(cid:1)HowtoPrepareforAddingDisklessClients 132
(cid:1)HowtoAddOSServicesForDisklessClientSupport 133
(cid:1)HowtoAddaDisklessClient 135
(cid:1)HowtoBootaDisklessClient 136
(cid:1)HowtoDeleteDisklessClientSupport 137
(cid:1)HowtoDeleteOSServicesforDisklessClients 137
PatchingDisklessClientOSServices 138
6 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration(cid:127)December2003
DisplayingOSPatchesforDisklessClients 138
(cid:1)HowtoAddanOSPatchforaDisklessClient 139
TroubleshootingDisklessClientProblems 141
9 ShuttingDownandBootingaSystemTopics 145
10 ShuttingDownandBootingaSystem(Overview) 147
What’sNewinShuttingDownandBootingaSystem? 147
PXENetworkBoot 148
WheretoFindShuttingDownandBootingTasks 148
ShuttingDownandBootingTerminology 149
GuidelinesforShuttingDownaSystem 149
GuidelinesforBootingaSystem 150
BootingaSystemFromtheNetwork 150
WhentoShutDownaSystem 151
WhentoBootaSystem 152
11 RunLevelsandBootFiles(Tasks) 155
RunLevels 155
HowtoDetermineaSystem’sRunLevel 156
The/etc/inittabFile 157
Example—DefaultinittabFile 158
WhatHappensWhentheSystemIsBroughttoRunLevel3 159
RunControlScripts 160
RunControlScriptSummaries 161
UsingaRunControlScripttoStoporStartServices 165
(cid:1)HowtoUseaRunControlScripttoStoporStartaService 165
AddingaRunControlScript 166
(cid:1)HowtoAddaRunControlScript 166
DisablingaRunControlScript 167
(cid:1)HowtoDisableaRunControlScript 167
x86:BootFiles 167
12 ShuttingDownaSystem(Tasks) 169
ShuttingDowntheSystem 169
SystemShutdownCommands 170
Contents 7
UserNotificationofSystemDownTime 171
(cid:1)HowtoDetermineWhoIsLoggedintoaSystem 171
(cid:1)HowtoShutDownaServer 171
(cid:1)HowtoShutDownaStandaloneSystem 175
TurningOffPowertoAllDevices 176
(cid:1)HowtoTurnOffPowertoAllDevices 177
13 SPARC:BootingaSystem(Tasks) 179
SPARC:BootingaSystem(TaskMap) 179
SPARC:UsingtheBootPROM 181
SPARC:HowtoFindthePROMRevisionforaSystem 181
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoIdentifyDevicesonaSystem 181
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoChangetheDefaultBootDevice 183
SPARC:HowtoResettheSystem 185
SPARC:BootingaSystem 185
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevel3(MultiuserLevel) 186
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevelS(Single-UserLevel) 187
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemInteractively 188
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemFromtheNetwork 189
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoStoptheSystemforRecoveryPurposes 190
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBootaSystemforRecoveryPurposes 191
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoBoottheSystemWiththeKernelDebugger(kadb) 193
SPARC:ForcingaCrashDumpandRebootingtheSystem 194
(cid:1)SPARC:HowtoForceaCrashDumpandReboottheSystem 194
14 x86:BootingaSystem(Tasks) 197
x86:BootingaSystem(TaskMap) 197
x86:BootingtheSolarisDeviceConfigurationAssistant 198
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBoottheSolarisDeviceConfigurationAssistant 199
x86:BootingaSystem 199
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevel3(MultiuserLevel) 199
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemtoRunLevelS(Single-UserLevel) 200
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemInteractively 201
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemFromtheNetwork 203
(cid:1)x86:HowtoStopaSystemforRecoveryPurposes 204
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemforRecoveryPurposes 204
(cid:1)x86:HowtoBootaSystemWiththeKernelDebugger(kadb) 209
8 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration(cid:127)December2003
x86:ForcingaCrashDumpandRebootingtheSystem 210
(cid:1)x86:HowtoForceaCrashDumpandReboottheSystem 210
15 TheBootProcess(Reference) 213
SPARC:TheBootPROM 213
SPARC:TheBootProcess 214
x86:ThePCBIOS 214
x86:BootSubsystems 215
x86:BootingtheSolarisRelease 216
x86:ScreensDisplayedDuringtheDeviceIdentificationPhase 217
x86:MenusDisplayedDuringtheBootPhase 218
x86:TheBootProcess 220
16 ManagingRemovableMediaTopics 223
17 ManagingRemovableMedia(Overview) 225
What’sNewinManagingRemovableMedia? 225
WheretoFindManagingRemovableMediaTasks 226
RemovableMediaFeaturesandBenefits 226
ComparisonofAutomaticandManualMounting 227
WhatYouCanDoWithVolumeManagement 228
18 AccessingRemovableMedia(Tasks) 229
AccessingRemovableMedia(TaskMap) 229
AccessingRemovableMedia(Overview) 230
UsingRemovableMediaNames 230
GuidelinesforAccessingRemovableMediaData 232
(cid:1)HowtoAddaNewRemovableMediaDrive 232
StoppingandStartingVolumeManagement(vold) 233
(cid:1)HowtoAccessInformationonRemovableMedia 233
(cid:1)HowtoCopyInformationFromRemovableMedia 234
(cid:1)HowtoPlayaMusicalCDorDVD 235
(cid:1)HowtoFindOutIfRemovableMediaIsStillinUse 236
(cid:1)HowtoEjectRemovableMedia 237
AccessingRemovableMediaonaRemoteSystem(TaskMap) 238
(cid:1)HowtoMakeLocalMediaAvailabletoOtherSystems 238
Contents 9
(cid:1)HowtoAccessRemovableMediaonRemoteSystems 241
19 FormattingRemovableMedia(Tasks) 245
FormattingRemovableMedia(TaskMap) 245
FormattingRemovableMediaOverview 246
FormattingRemovableMediaGuidelines 246
RemovableMediaHardwareConsiderations 247
(cid:1)HowtoLoadaRemovableMedia 248
(cid:1)HowtoFormatRemovableMedia(rmformat) 250
(cid:1)HowtoFormatRemovableMediaforAddingaFileSystem 250
(cid:1)HowtoCheckaFileSystemonRemovableMedia 252
(cid:1)HowtoRepairBadBlocksonRemovableMedia 253
ApplyingReadorWriteandPasswordProtectiontoRemovableMedia 253
(cid:1)HowtoEnableorDisableWriteProtectiononRemovableMedia 253
(cid:1)HowtoEnableorDisableReadorWriteProtectionandaPasswordonIomega
Media 254
20 WritingCDs(Tasks) 257
WorkingwithAudioandDataCDs 257
CDMediaCommonlyUsedTerms 258
WritingDataandAudioCDs 259
RestrictingUserAccesstoRemovableMediawithRBAC 260
(cid:1)HowtoRestrictUserAccesstoRemovableMediawithRBAC 260
HowtoIdentifyaCDWriter 260
(cid:1)HowtoChecktheCDMedia 261
CreatingaDataCD 262
(cid:1)HowtoCreateanISO9660FileSystemforaDataCD 262
(cid:1)HowtoCreateaMulti-SessionDataCD 263
CreatinganAudioCD 264
(cid:1)HowtoCreateanAudioCD 265
(cid:1)HowtoExtractanAudioTrackonaCD 266
(cid:1)HowtoCopyaCD 267
(cid:1)HowtoEraseCD-RWMedia 267
10 SystemAdministrationGuide:BasicAdministration(cid:127)December2003