System Administration Guide Advanced Administration

310 Pages·2008·2 MB·English

by  Sun Microsystems, Inc.

System Administration Guide:
Advanced Administration
SunMicrosystems,Inc.
4150NetworkCircle
SantaClara,CA95054
U.S.A.
PartNo:819–2380–13
May2008
Copyright2008SunMicrosystems,Inc. 4150NetworkCircle,SantaClara,CA95054U.S.A. Allrightsreserved.
SunMicrosystems,Inc.hasintellectualpropertyrightsrelatingtotechnologyembodiedintheproductthatisdescribedinthisdocument.Inparticular,andwithout
limitation,theseintellectualpropertyrightsmayincludeoneormoreU.S.patentsorpendingpatentapplicationsintheU.S.andinothercountries.
U.S.GovernmentRights–Commercialsoftware.GovernmentusersaresubjecttotheSunMicrosystems,Inc.standardlicenseagreementandapplicableprovisions
oftheFARanditssupplements.
Thisdistributionmayincludematerialsdevelopedbythirdparties.
PartsoftheproductmaybederivedfromBerkeleyBSDsystems,licensedfromtheUniversityofCalifornia.UNIXisaregisteredtrademarkintheU.S.andother
countries,exclusivelylicensedthroughX/OpenCompany,Ltd.
Sun,SunMicrosystems,theSunlogo,theSolarislogo,theJavaCoffeeCuplogo,docs.sun.com,Java,OpenSolaris,SunxVMhypervisor,andSolarisaretrademarksor
registeredtrademarksofSunMicrosystems,Inc.intheU.S.andothercountries.AllSPARCtrademarksareusedunderlicenseandaretrademarksorregistered
trademarksofSPARCInternational,Inc.intheU.S.andothercountries.ProductsbearingSPARCtrademarksarebaseduponanarchitecturedevelopedbySun
Microsystems,Inc.AdobeisaregisteredtrademarkofAdobeSystems,Incorporated.PostScriptisatrademarkorregisteredtrademarkofAdobeSystems,
Incorporated,whichmayberegisteredincertainjurisdictions.
TheOPENLOOKandSunTMGraphicalUserInterfacewasdevelopedbySunMicrosystems,Inc.foritsusersandlicensees.Sunacknowledgesthepioneeringefforts
ofXeroxinresearchinganddevelopingtheconceptofvisualorgraphicaluserinterfacesforthecomputerindustry.Sunholdsanon-exclusivelicensefromXeroxto
theXeroxGraphicalUserInterface,whichlicensealsocoversSun'slicenseeswhoimplementOPENLOOKGUIsandotherwisecomplywithSun'swrittenlicense
agreements.
ProductscoveredbyandinformationcontainedinthispublicationarecontrolledbyU.S.ExportControllawsandmaybesubjecttotheexportorimportlawsin
othercountries.Nuclear,missile,chemicalorbiologicalweaponsornuclearmaritimeendusesorendusers,whetherdirectorindirect,arestrictlyprohibited.Export
orreexporttocountriessubjecttoU.S.embargoortoentitiesidentifiedonU.S.exportexclusionlists,including,butnotlimitedto,thedeniedpersonsandspecially
designatednationalslistsisstrictlyprohibited.
DOCUMENTATIONISPROVIDED“ASIS”ANDALLEXPRESSORIMPLIEDCONDITIONS,REPRESENTATIONSANDWARRANTIES,INCLUDINGANY
IMPLIEDWARRANTYOFMERCHANTABILITY,FITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSEORNON-INFRINGEMENT,AREDISCLAIMED,EXCEPTTO
THEEXTENTTHATSUCHDISCLAIMERSAREHELDTOBELEGALLYINVALID.
Copyright2008SunMicrosystems,Inc. 4150NetworkCircle,SantaClara,CA95054U.S.A. Tousdroitsréservés.
SunMicrosystems,Inc.détientlesdroitsdepropriétéintellectuellerelatifsàlatechnologieincorporéedansleproduitquiestdécritdanscedocument.Enparticulier,
etcesanslimitation,cesdroitsdepropriétéintellectuellepeuventinclureunouplusieursbrevetsaméricainsoudesapplicationsdebrevetenattenteauxEtats-Unis
etdansd'autrespays.
Cettedistributionpeutcomprendredescomposantsdéveloppéspardestiercespersonnes.
CertainescomposantsdeceproduitpeuventêtredérivéesdulogicielBerkeleyBSD,licenciésparl'UniversitédeCalifornie.UNIXestunemarquedéposéeaux
Etats-Unisetdansd'autrespays;elleestlicenciéeexclusivementparX/OpenCompany,Ltd.
Sun,SunMicrosystems,lelogoSun,lelogoSolaris,lelogoJavaCoffeeCup,docs.sun.com,Java,OpenSolaris,SunxVMhypervisor,etSolarissontdesmarquesde
fabriqueoudesmarquesdéposéesdeSunMicrosystems,Inc.auxEtats-Unisetdansd'autrespays.TouteslesmarquesSPARCsontutiliséessouslicenceetsontdes
marquesdefabriqueoudesmarquesdéposéesdeSPARCInternational,Inc.auxEtats-Unisetdansd'autrespays.LesproduitsportantlesmarquesSPARCsontbasés
surunearchitecturedéveloppéeparSunMicrosystems,Inc.AdobeestunemarqueenregistreedeAdobeSystems,Incorporated.PostScriptestunemarquede
fabriqued'AdobeSystems,Incorporated,laquellepourrait?‘tred?pos?edanscertainesjuridictions.
L'interfaced'utilisationgraphiqueOPENLOOKetSunaétédéveloppéeparSunMicrosystems,Inc.poursesutilisateursetlicenciés.Sunreconnaîtleseffortsde
pionniersdeXeroxpourlarechercheetledéveloppementduconceptdesinterfacesd'utilisationvisuelleougraphiquepourl'industriedel'informatique.Sundétient
unelicencenonexclusivedeXeroxsurl'interfaced'utilisationgraphiqueXerox,cettelicencecouvrantégalementleslicenciésdeSunquimettentenplacel'interface
d'utilisationgraphiqueOPENLOOKetqui,enoutre,seconformentauxlicencesécritesdeSun.
Lesproduitsquifontl'objetdecettepublicationetlesinformationsqu'ilcontientsontrégisparlalegislationaméricaineenmatièredecontrôledesexportationset
peuventêtresoumisaudroitd'autrespaysdansledomainedesexportationsetimportations.Lesutilisationsfinales,ouutilisateursfinaux,pourdesarmesnucléaires,
desmissiles,desarmeschimiquesoubiologiquesoupourlenucléairemaritime,directementouindirectement,sontstrictementinterdites.Lesexportationsou
réexportationsversdespayssousembargodesEtats-Unis,ouversdesentitésfigurantsurleslistesd'exclusiond'exportationaméricaines,ycompris,maisdemanière
nonexclusive,lalistedepersonnesquifontobjetd'unordredenepasparticiper,d'unefaçondirecteouindirecte,auxexportationsdesproduitsoudesservicesqui
sontrégisparlalegislationaméricaineenmatièredecontrôledesexportationsetlalistederessortissantsspécifiquementdesignés,sontrigoureusementinterdites.
LADOCUMENTATIONESTFOURNIE"ENL'ETAT"ETTOUTESAUTRESCONDITIONS,DECLARATIONSETGARANTIESEXPRESSESOUTACITES
SONTFORMELLEMENTEXCLUES,DANSLAMESUREAUTORISEEPARLALOIAPPLICABLE,YCOMPRISNOTAMMENTTOUTEGARANTIE
IMPLICITERELATIVEALAQUALITEMARCHANDE,AL'APTITUDEAUNEUTILISATIONPARTICULIEREOUAL'ABSENCEDECONTREFACON.
080502@19860
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................................................15
1 ManagingTerminalsandModems(Overview)...............................................................................21
What'sNewinManagingTerminalsandModems? .......................................................................21
SPARC:CoherentConsole .........................................................................................................21
SPARC:ChangestoHow$TERMValueforConsoleIsSet....................................................22
ttymonInvocationsontheSystemConsoleManagedbySMF ..............................................22
Terminals,Modems,Ports,andServices..........................................................................................23
TerminalDescription..................................................................................................................23
ModemDescription.....................................................................................................................23
PortsDescription .........................................................................................................................23
ServicesDescription ....................................................................................................................24
PortMonitors ...............................................................................................................................24
ToolsforManagingTerminalsandModems...................................................................................25
SerialPortsTool ...........................................................................................................................25
ServiceAccessFacility .................................................................................................................25
2 SettingUpTerminalsandModems(Tasks).....................................................................................27
SettingTerminalsandModems(TaskMap)....................................................................................27
SettingUpTerminalsandModemsWithSerialPortsTool(Overview) ......................................28
SettingUpTerminals...................................................................................................................28
SettingUpModems .....................................................................................................................29
HowtoSetUpaTerminal,aModem,andInitializeaPort(Tasks) ..............................................31
▼HowtoSetUpaTerminal...........................................................................................................31
▼HowtoSetUpaModem .............................................................................................................31
▼HowtoInitializeaPort................................................................................................................32
TroubleshootingTerminalandModemProblems .........................................................................33
3
Contents
3 ManagingSerialPortsWiththeServiceAccessFacility(Tasks) ...................................................35
ManagingSerialPorts(TaskMap) ....................................................................................................36
UsingtheServiceAccessFacility .......................................................................................................36
OverallSAFAdministration(sacadm)..............................................................................................37
ServiceAccessController(SACProgram)................................................................................38
SACInitializationProcess...........................................................................................................38
PortMonitorServiceAdministration(pmadm).................................................................................38
ttymonPortMonitor ...................................................................................................................39
PortInitializationProcess...........................................................................................................39
BidirectionalService....................................................................................................................40
TTYMonitorandNetworkListenerPortMonitors .......................................................................40
TTYPortMonitor(ttymon) .......................................................................................................40
ttymonandtheConsolePort......................................................................................................40
ttymon-SpecificAdministrativeCommand(ttyadm).............................................................41
NetworkListenerService(listen)............................................................................................41
Speciallisten-SpecificAdministrativeCommand(nlsadmin) ...........................................42
AdministeringttymonPortMonitors...............................................................................................42
▼HowtoSetthettymonConsoleTerminalType .......................................................................42
▼HowtoSettheBaudRateSpeedonthettymonConsoleTerminal .......................................43
▼HowtoAddattymonPortMonitor...........................................................................................44
▼HowtoViewttymonPortMonitorStatus ................................................................................44
▼HowtoStopattymonPortMonitor ..........................................................................................45
▼HowtoStartattymonPortMonitor..........................................................................................46
▼HowtoDisableattymonPortMonitor .....................................................................................46
▼HowtoEnableattymonPortMonitor ......................................................................................46
▼HowtoRemoveattymonPortMonitor....................................................................................47
Administeringttymonservices(TaskMap).....................................................................................47
AdministeringttymonServices .........................................................................................................48
▼HowtoAddaService...................................................................................................................48
▼HowtoViewtheStatusofaTTYPortService..........................................................................49
▼HowtoEnableaPortMonitorService ......................................................................................51
▼HowtoDisableaPortMonitorService .....................................................................................51
ServiceAccessFacilityAdministration(Reference)........................................................................51
FilesAssociatedWiththeSAF....................................................................................................52
/etc/saf/_sactabFile ...............................................................................................................52
/etc/saf/pmtab/_pmtabFile....................................................................................................53
4 SystemAdministrationGuide:AdvancedAdministration • May2008
Contents
ServiceStates.................................................................................................................................54
PortMonitorStates......................................................................................................................54
PortStates......................................................................................................................................55
4 ManagingSystemResources(Overview) ........................................................................................57
What'sNewinManagingSystemResources?..................................................................................57
prtconfOptiontoDisplayProductNames .............................................................................57
ManagingSystemResources(RoadMap)........................................................................................58
5 DisplayingandChangingSystemInformation(Tasks).................................................................59
DisplayingSystemInformation(TaskMap)....................................................................................59
DisplayingSystemInformation .................................................................................................60
▼HowtoDetermineWhetheraSystemHas32–bitor64–BitSolarisCapabilities
Enabled ..................................................................................................................................61
▼HowtoDisplaySolarisReleaseInformation.....................................................................64
▼HowtoDisplayGeneralSystemInformation...................................................................64
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sHostIDNumber.....................................................................65
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sProductName.........................................................................65
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sInstalledMemory ...................................................................66
▼HowtoDisplaytheDateandTime ....................................................................................66
psrinfoCommandOptiontoIdentifyChipMultithreadingFeatures ................................66
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sPhysicalProcessorType................................................................67
▼HowtoDisplayaSystem'sLogicalProcessorType .................................................................67
NewlocaleadmCommand ........................................................................................................68
▼HowtoDisplayLocalesInstalledonaSystem..........................................................................68
▼HowtoDetermineifaLocaleisInstalledonaSystem ............................................................69
ChangingSystemInformation(TaskMap) .....................................................................................69
ChangingSystemInformation ..........................................................................................................70
▼HowtoSetaSystem'sDateandTimeManually ......................................................................70
▼HowtoSetUpaMessage-Of-The-Day .....................................................................................71
▼HowtoChangeaSystem'sHostName......................................................................................72
▼HowtoAddaLocaletoaSystem ...............................................................................................73
▼HowtoRemoveaLocaleFromaSystem...................................................................................73
5
Contents
6 ManagingDiskUse(Tasks) ................................................................................................................75
ManagingDiskUse(TaskMap) ........................................................................................................75
DisplayingInformationAboutFilesandDiskSpace ......................................................................76
▼HowtoDisplayInformationAboutFilesandDiskSpace.......................................................77
CheckingtheSizeofFiles ...................................................................................................................79
▼HowtoDisplaytheSizeofFiles..................................................................................................79
▼HowtoFindLargeFiles...............................................................................................................80
▼HowtoFindFilesThatExceedaSpecifiedSizeLimit .............................................................82
CheckingtheSizeofDirectories........................................................................................................82
▼HowtoDisplaytheSizeofDirectories,Subdirectories,andFiles..........................................83
▼HowtoDisplaytheUserOwnershipofLocalUFSFileSystems............................................84
FindingandRemovingOldorInactiveFiles....................................................................................85
▼HowtoListtheNewestFiles .......................................................................................................85
▼HowtoFindandRemoveOldorInactiveFiles........................................................................86
▼HowtoClearOutTemporaryDirectories................................................................................87
▼HowtoFindandDeletecoreFiles.............................................................................................88
▼HowtoDeleteCrashDumpFiles...............................................................................................89
7 ManagingQuotas(Tasks)...................................................................................................................91
WhatAreQuotas? ...............................................................................................................................91
UsingQuotas .......................................................................................................................................91
SettingSoftLimitsandHardLimitsforQuotas.......................................................................92
TheDifferenceBetweenDiskBlockandFileLimits................................................................92
SettingUpQuotas ...............................................................................................................................92
GuidelinesforSettingUpQuotas ..............................................................................................93
SettingUpQuotas(TaskMap) ..........................................................................................................94
▼HowtoConfigureFileSystemsforQuotas...............................................................................94
▼HowtoSetUpQuotasforaUser ...............................................................................................95
▼HowtoSetUpQuotasforMultipleUsers.................................................................................96
▼HowtoCheckQuotaConsistency.............................................................................................96
▼HowtoTurnOnQuotas .............................................................................................................97
MaintainingQuotas(TaskMap).......................................................................................................98
CheckingQuotas .................................................................................................................................99
▼HowtoCheckforExceededQuotas ..........................................................................................99
▼HowtoCheckQuotasonaFileSystem...................................................................................100
6 SystemAdministrationGuide:AdvancedAdministration • May2008
Contents
ChangingandRemovingQuotas ....................................................................................................101
▼HowtoChangetheSoftLimitDefault ....................................................................................101
▼HowtoChangeQuotasforaUser ...........................................................................................102
▼HowtoDisableQuotasforaUser............................................................................................103
▼HowtoTurnOffQuotas ...........................................................................................................104
8 SchedulingSystemTasks(Tasks) ....................................................................................................107
CreatingandEditingcrontabFiles(TaskMap) ...........................................................................107
WaystoAutomaticallyExecuteSystemTasks...............................................................................108
ForSchedulingRepetitiveJobs:crontab ................................................................................109
ForSchedulingaSingleJob:at.................................................................................................109
SchedulingaRepetitiveSystemTask(cron)..................................................................................110
InsideacrontabFile..................................................................................................................110
HowthecronDaemonHandlesScheduling ..........................................................................111
SyntaxofcrontabFileEntries..................................................................................................112
CreatingandEditingcrontabFiles.................................................................................................112
▼HowtoCreateorEditacrontabFile.......................................................................................113
▼HowtoVerifyThatacrontabFileExists................................................................................114
DisplayingcrontabFiles ..................................................................................................................114
▼HowtoDisplayacrontabFile .................................................................................................115
RemovingcrontabFiles...................................................................................................................116
▼HowtoRemoveacrontabFile.................................................................................................116
ControllingAccesstothecrontabCommand ..............................................................................117
▼HowtoDenycrontabCommandAccess...............................................................................118
▼HowtoLimitcrontabCommandAccesstoSpecifiedUsers ...............................................118
HowtoVerifyLimitedcrontabCommandAccess...............................................................119
UsingtheatCommand(TaskMap)...............................................................................................120
SchedulingaSingleSystemTask(at) .............................................................................................121
DescriptionoftheatCommand..............................................................................................121
ControllingAccesstotheatCommand .................................................................................122
▼HowtoCreateanatJob ............................................................................................................122
▼HowtoDisplaytheatQueue ...................................................................................................123
▼HowtoVerifyanatJob.............................................................................................................123
▼HowtoDisplayatJobs..............................................................................................................124
▼HowtoRemoveatJobs.............................................................................................................124
7
Contents
▼HowtoDenyAccesstotheatCommand...............................................................................125
▼HowtoVerifyThatatCommandAccessIsDenied .............................................................126
9 ManagingSystemAccounting(Tasks) ...........................................................................................127
What'sNewinSystemAccounting .................................................................................................127
SolarisProcessAccountingandStatisticsImprovements ....................................................127
WhatisSystemAccounting?............................................................................................................128
HowSystemAccountingWorks ..............................................................................................128
SystemAccountingComponents ............................................................................................128
SystemAccounting(TaskMap) ......................................................................................................132
SettingUpSystemAccounting ........................................................................................................133
▼HowtoSetUpSystemAccounting ..........................................................................................133
BillingUsers .......................................................................................................................................135
▼HowtoBillUsers........................................................................................................................136
MaintainingAccountingInformation............................................................................................136
FixingCorruptedFilesandwtmpxErrors................................................................................136
▼HowtoFixaCorruptedwtmpxFile ..........................................................................................137
FixingtacctErrors....................................................................................................................137
▼HowtoFixtacctErrors ...........................................................................................................137
RestartingtherunacctScript...................................................................................................138
▼HowtoRestarttherunacctScript...........................................................................................138
StoppingandDisablingSystemAccounting..................................................................................139
▼HowtoTemporarilyStopSystemAccounting.......................................................................139
▼HowtoPermanentlyDisableSystemAccounting .................................................................140
10 SystemAccounting(Reference) ......................................................................................................141
runacctScript....................................................................................................................................141
DailyAccountingReports ................................................................................................................144
DailyReport................................................................................................................................144
DailyUsageReport ....................................................................................................................145
DailyCommandSummary.......................................................................................................146
MonthlyCommandSummary.................................................................................................148
LastLoginReport.......................................................................................................................148
ExaminingthepacctFileWithacctcom ................................................................................149
SystemAccountingFiles...................................................................................................................151
8 SystemAdministrationGuide:AdvancedAdministration • May2008
Contents
FilesProducedbytherunacctScript ......................................................................................153
11 ManagingSystemPerformance(Overview).................................................................................155
What'sNewinManagingSystemPerformance? ...........................................................................155
EnhancedpfilesTool..............................................................................................................155
CPUPerformanceCounters.....................................................................................................155
WheretoFindSystemPerformanceTasks.....................................................................................156
SystemPerformanceandSystemResources ..................................................................................157
ProcessesandSystemPerformance.................................................................................................157
AboutMonitoringSystemPerformance ........................................................................................158
MonitoringTools.......................................................................................................................159
12 ManagingSystemProcesses(Tasks) ..............................................................................................161
ManagingSystemProcesses(TaskMap)........................................................................................161
CommandsforManagingSystemProcesses .................................................................................162
UsingthepsCommand ............................................................................................................163
Usingthe/procFileSystemandCommands ........................................................................164
ManagingProcessesWithProcessCommands(/proc).......................................................165
▼HowtoListProcesses ................................................................................................................165
▼HowtoDisplayInformationAboutProcesses .......................................................................167
▼HowtoControlProcesses.........................................................................................................168
TerminatingaProcess(pkill,kill) ....................................................................................169
▼HowtoTerminateaProcess(pkill).......................................................................................169
▼HowtoTerminateaProcess(kill).........................................................................................170
DebuggingaProcess(pargs,preap) .......................................................................................171
ManagingProcessClassInformation(TaskMap) ........................................................................172
ManagingProcessClassInformation .............................................................................................173
ChangingtheSchedulingPriorityofProcesses(priocntl) .................................................173
▼HowtoDisplayBasicInformationAboutProcessClasses(priocntl) ..............................174
▼HowtoDisplaytheGlobalPriorityofaProcess.....................................................................174
▼HowtoDesignateaProcessPriority(priocntl)...................................................................175
▼HowtoChangeSchedulingParametersofaTimesharingProcess(priocntl).................176
▼HowtoChangetheClassofaProcess(priocntl).................................................................176
ChangingthePriorityofaTimesharingProcess(nice) .......................................................177
▼HowtoChangethePriorityofaProcess(nice).....................................................................178
9
Contents
TroubleshootingProblemsWithSystemProcesses......................................................................179
13 MonitoringSystemPerformance(Tasks) ......................................................................................181
DisplayingSystemPerformanceInformation(TaskMap) ..........................................................181
DisplayingVirtualMemoryStatistics(vmstat) ............................................................................182
▼HowtoDisplayVirtualMemoryStatistics(vmstat).............................................................183
▼HowtoDisplaySystemEventInformation(vmstat-s)......................................................184
▼HowtoDisplaySwappingStatistics(vmstat-S) ..................................................................185
▼HowtoDisplayInterruptsPerDevice(vmstat-i) ..............................................................185
DisplayingDiskUtilizationInformation(iostat).......................................................................186
▼HowtoDisplayDiskUtilizationInformation(iostat) .......................................................186
▼HowtoDisplayExtendedDiskStatistics(iostat-xtc)......................................................187
DisplayingDiskSpaceStatistics(df) ..............................................................................................188
▼HowtoDisplayDiskSpaceInformation(df-k)...................................................................188
MonitoringSystemActivities(TaskMap) .....................................................................................189
MonitoringSystemActivities(sar) ................................................................................................191
▼HowtoCheckFileAccess(sar-a) .........................................................................................191
▼HowtoCheckBufferActivity(sar-b)...................................................................................192
▼HowtoCheckSystemCallStatistics(sar-c)........................................................................193
▼HowtoCheckDiskActivity(sar-d) .....................................................................................195
▼HowtoCheckPage-OutandMemory(sar-g) ....................................................................196
CheckingKernelMemoryAllocation......................................................................................198
▼HowtoCheckKernelMemoryAllocation(sar-k) .............................................................198
▼HowtoCheckInterprocessCommunication(sar-m) ........................................................200
▼HowtoCheckPage-InActivity(sar-p) ................................................................................201
▼HowtoCheckQueueActivity(sar-q)..................................................................................202
▼HowtoCheckUnusedMemory(sar-r)...............................................................................203
▼HowtoCheckCPUUtilization(sar-u)................................................................................204
▼HowtoCheckSystemTableStatus(sar-v)..........................................................................206
▼HowtoCheckSwappingActivity(sar-w) ............................................................................207
▼HowtoCheckTerminalActivity(sar-y) .............................................................................208
▼HowtoCheckOverallSystemPerformance(sar-A) ..........................................................209
CollectingSystemActivityDataAutomatically(sar) ..................................................................210
RunningthesadcCommandWhenBooting.........................................................................210
RunningthesadcCommandPeriodicallyWiththesa1Script...........................................210
10 SystemAdministrationGuide:AdvancedAdministration • May2008