Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials

274 Pages·1998·24.99 MB·English

by  Michael A. Serio

Synthesis and Characterization
of Advanced Materials
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In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
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In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 681
Synthesis and Characterization
of Advanced Materials
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6 on October 5, 1997 | doi: DAiregtoenrn Me N. Gatriouneanl, L EaDbIoTrOaRto ry
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of the American Chemical Society,
Orlando, Florida,
August 25-29, 1996
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
TA 403.6 .S88 1998 Copy 1
Synthesis and
characterization of advance
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Synthesis and characterization of advanced materials / Michael A. Serio, Dieter
M. Gruen, Ripudaman Malhotra, editors.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series 681)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Materials
1 Chemistry Secretariat, at the 212th National Meeting of the American Chemical
org w00 Society, Orlando, Fla., August 25-29, 1996."
cs.1.f
bs.a068 Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
p://pu1998- ISBN 0-8412-3540-6
1, 2012 | htt10.1021/bk- RipI1u.. d SMaemraiaoten,r MiailcsI.h Va.e Al Αm.,e r1ic9a5n6 -C he.m IicI.a lG Srouceine,t yD. ieDteivri Μsio., n oIIfΙ M. aMterailahlos tra,
October 97 | doi: C19h9e6m: iOstrryla nSdecor, eFtalari.a) t. VVI. .S Aermieesr.i can Chemical Society. Meeting (212th:
36 on 15, 19 T62A04.10'31.—6.Sd8c82 1 1997 97-46577
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P Copyright Act is allowed for internal use only, provided that a per-chapter fee of $17.00 plus $0.25 per

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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
Mary E. Castellion Omkaram Nalamasu
AT&T Bell Laboratories
1 ChemEdit Company
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acs.81.f Arthur B. Ellis Purdue University
bs.06 University of Wisconsin at Madison
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36 on 15, 19 Richard N. Loeppky Michael D. Taylor
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3.m Research
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adeon Roger A. Minear
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In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
Foreword
IHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide
a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The pur­
pose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel­
oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re­
1
org w00 search. Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored
cs.1.f by other organizations when the topic is of keen interest to the chem­
a8
bs.06 istry audience.
p://pu1998- Before agreeing to publish a book, the proposed table of contents
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6 on 5, 19 As a rule, only original research papers and original review pa­
4.13er 1 pers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previ­
3.3mb ously published papers are not accepted.
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In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
Preface
A WIDE VARIETY OF CHEMICAL APPROACHES can be brought to bear
on the synthesis and characterization of new and technologically advanced mate­
rials. Advanced materials are usually defined as those that have superior proper­
ties, are well characterized, and have been obtained by careful control of the
1 synthesis process. Examples of such materials include diamonds, fullerenes and
acs.org 81.pr00 poothseitre sc.a rbon materials, glasses, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and com­
1, 2012 | http://pubs.10.1021/bk-1998-06 meewmceooletlni rvMogaemsia n atiagcen rdkpih eapeiylgrls as hepss-ltecteiecimcectsinhe)vcn.n eetIo. n lii oTns1g h9tayeh9n e1 di a,ne trtrdvehaueaenls sotAofrpfoimm ernsmee arnati(itcteo ia.onognnfa. , lC n ophseferwe imtmor amriicdictoaiayttnl ie fodSrruniooacamclltsi o eirbnitssyod tut(hahsA netarC di b eSsasc)cs eiri(erseean c.mogtoif.fgi, i cnmcsa i)uaza tnenoadyd­s
October 97 | doi: bthye eismtapbolritsahnicneg othf em Mateartiearlisa lssc Ciehnecme iasntrdy thSee ccreetnatrriaalt ro(Mle ToLf Sm). atTehriea lMs TchLeSm pisrtor­y
36 on 15, 19 vnaidryes f iae lfdo roufm m faotre r1ia4l sm cehmembeirs tAryC. S divisions to present work in the interdiscipli­
9.163.34.1December cSayln SthToehcsiiises t yvo ofi nlMu Omatreel ariinsa dlbsoa", s, Feadlto rtohidnea ,a2 n1A 2uMthgT uNsLtSa 2ti5soy-n2ma9lp ,M o1se9ieu9tm6in. gtTi tohlfee dths ye" mHApimgohse-irTuicmeam ni npCecrlhuaetdmuerdie­
by 8ate: 55 papers that covered various aspects of materials synthesis and characteriza­
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owbli polymeric materials. This volume contains 21 chapters that are representative of
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make the book more useful for those new to the field, this volume has been or­
ganized according to the types of synthesis processes rather than the type of
material.
A plenary session was held and included overview talks by scientists from
the U.S. Government, national laboratories, and universities on some key areas
of research in materials chemistry. Four of these six plenary talks appear as
chapters in this volume, including a chapter by Sir Harold W. Kroto, who re­
cently shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contributions to the discovery
of fullerenes.
This volume should be of interest to chemical scientists actively engaged in
materials research as well as those considering entering this field who want to
have an overview of the major types of materials synthesis processes and char-
xi
In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
acterization methods. The book will also be useful to graduate and undergradu­
ate chemistry students by giving them information on the roles they can play in
the emerging high technology fields of materials chemistry.
The symposium was sponsored by the ACS Materials Chemistry Secretariat
and was cosponsored by the ACS Committee on Science and the following ACS
Divisions: Physical Chemistry, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Inorganic Chem­
istry, Inc., Fuel Chemistry, and Polymer Chemistry, Inc.
Acknowledgments
We thank the many individuals and organizations who were responsible for the
symposium and this volume. The ACS Committee on Science and the ACS
cs.org 1.pr001 MAdadteitriioanlsa lC fhineamnicsitaryl sSuepcproertta rwiaats pprroovviiddeedd ebnyc osuervaegreaml oenrgt anainzda tfioinnasn icnitaelr essutpepd oirnt.
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6 on 5, 19 preparation for the symposium and this volume.
31
9.163.34.1December AMdICvHanAcEeLd AFu. eSlE RReIOse arch, Inc.
by 8ate: 87 Church Street
d D East Hartford, CT 06108
nloadecation DIETER M. GRUEN
Dowubli Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions
P
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, IL 60439
RIPUDAMAN MALHOTRA
Organic Materials and Energy Department
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, CA 94025
August 18, 1997
xii
In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.
Chapter 1
Chemistry of Advanced Materials
Dieter M. Gruen
Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439
1
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complicating this task is that we can no longer justify large expenditures in scientific
research in Cold War terms. From the point of view of the business community, these
expenditures rarely — if ever — yield returns that reflect favorably in a corporation's
near term earnings report. In the longer term, substantial profits may be made but, by
that time, the scientific discovery that gave rise to the new business opportunity -- be
it the transistor, the diode laser, carbon fibers, or nylon - is lost sight of. The
connection between the discovery and the profit derived therefrom has been lost and
cannot be forged anew in a convincing way.
That is the dilemma in which the scientific community finds itself today.
Materials scientists and materials chemists, in particular, understand very well the role
they play in inventing new technologies from which future economic benefits will be
2 © 1998 American Chemical Society
In Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials; Serio, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997.