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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY S YNGAS P , A RODUCTION PPLICATIONS E I AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. E S , E NVIRONMENTAL CIENCE NGINEERING T AND ECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY S YNGAS P , A RODUCTION PPLICATIONS E I AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT ANTONIUS INDARTO AND JELLIARKO PALGUANDI EDITORS New York Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Syngas : production, applications, and environmental impact / editors, Antonius Indarto, Jelliarko Palguandi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook) 1. Synthesis gas. 2. Biomass energy. 3. Methane. I. Indarto, Antonius. II. Palguandi, Jelliarko. TP360.S946 2011 665.7'7--dc23 2011039656 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Foreword vii Introduction: Syngas Era and Energy Issue ix Chapter 1 Synthesis Gas Production by Reforming Methane in a Chemical Compression Reactor 1 V. Shmelev Chapter 2 New Syngas Production Method Based on Noncatalytic Methane Reaction with Metal Oxides 29 H. Ale Ebrahim Chapter 3 Coke Oven Gas to Syngas Technology 67 Yongfa Zhang and Guojie Zhang Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Synthesis Gas and Higher Hydrocarbons Production from Methane 99 I. Istadi Chapter 5 Syngas Production by CO Reforming of CH under Microwave 2 4 Heating – Challenges and Opportunities 121 B. Fidalgo and J. A. Menéndez Chapter 6 Exploitation of BioSyngas: Hydrogen and Synthetic Diesel Production 151 A. R. de la Osa, A. De Lucas, A. Romero, J. L. Valverde and P. Sánchez Chapter 7 Plasma Gasification as a Promising Way of Wood Energy Use 179 Ph. G. Rutberg, A. N. Bratsev, V. A. Kuznetsov, V. E. Popov and A. A. Ufimtsev Chapter 8 Role of Electrolysis in Regenerative Syngas and Synfuel Production 209 Qingxi Fu Chapter 9 Decarbonized Energy via Syngas Routes 241 Wojciech M. Budzianowski vi Contents Chapter 10 Syngas Production and Applications for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 269 NorAishah Saidina Amin and Muhammad Tahir Chapter 11 Lean Premixed Syngas Combustion for Gas Turbines Applications 297 Salvatore Daniele Conclusion 349 Glossary 351 Index 355 FOREWORD It is a pleasure to write the preface for this valuable book titled Syngas: Production, Applications and Environmental impact. Syngas is a classical and at the same time a topic of lively debate in chemical engineering. Syngas production is a robust and flexible technology with respect to reactants and products. The raw material can be any hydrocarbon: coal, fossil oil, natural gas, biomass. This large variety in raw materials forms a challenge process in development and operation but it also explains why syngas technology is so wide spread: syngas is produced and used all over the world and it is not expected that this will change. The products generated depend on the conditions and the catalyst used: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, methanol, parafins, olefins and, of course, electric power. Syngas production is one of the basis technologies for the petrochemical industry and the production of transport fuels. The impact to society is enormous. Not surprisingly, environmental aspects suggest themselves. Rightly, the editors decided to extend the focus of the topic to the environmental impact. The book starts with a description of an original reactor concept for methane reforming: essentially an internal combustion engine. The main raw materials for syngas production are coal and methane. However, syngas technology is also an avenue for utilization of ―difficult‖ hydrocarbon resources such as gas as by-product in oil production platforms. In the book several good ideas are presented for instance, the utilization of coke oven gas and specific examples of the large variety of biomass resources. In a sense to the same category belongs using syngas as an efficient way to store sustainable energy (solar, wind) in high density products such as transport fuels. The basis for this application is using the harvested electricity to produce syngas. This area is treated well in the book. It is shown that syngas routes in power generation allow low-carbon power cycles. Such cycles can contribute directly to a reduction of the Green House Effect. Syngas is the common name for gas mixtures of several compositions. For an observer the field might seem chaotic but in most cases the composition is easily described by thermodynamics knowing feed composition and operating conditions. In the book a lucid thermodynamic analysis is given. It is for instance shown that thermodynamics is a tool for a quick process selection. In syngas related R and D many chemical routes might be considered. It is in such cases always advisable to perform a thermodynamic study. The reforming of CH with CO is an appealing reaction and often seen as an ideal 4 2 reaction for CO utilization, usually referred to as ―Dry reforming‖. In several chapters 2 viii Jacob A. Moulijn various aspects of this reaction are treated. In practice catalyst stability is an issue because of potentially excessive carbon deposition. Thermodynamics allows pinpointing the window of operation where coke deposition can occur. Cogeneration of syngas and hydrocarbons has often been proposed as an efficient route. However, from thermodynamic analysis the conclusion is drawn that syngas production in dry reforming is favorable but the cogeneration of C2 hydrocarbons is thermodynamically less favorable. This conclusion is a good reminder that in process development thermodynamics should not be forgotten. Alternative technologies are discussed for dry reforming, viz, plasma and photo technologies. Very promising conversions and efficiencies are reported. It might be the right time that chemical engineers are brave enough to embark on new technologies taking into consideration plasmas and photons! The book covers concepts in production and in applications. An important application is Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology, extensively treated in the last chapter. In combustor design fuel flexibility is highly desired. In this useful chapter the basic phenomena are described important in changing the feedstock from natural gas into syngas. An eye opener for the average chemical engineer! Since the beginning of the previous century (one might even defend since the end of the 18th century) syngas is an important topic in chemical engineering and catalysis. Thus, is it a mature topic that only needs to be part of teaching courses and encyclopedia? I am convinced that the opposite is true. Syngas is crucial in realizing a sustainable technology and new processes are badly needed. This book is issued at a right time and it will be helpful and inspiring for the chemists and chemical engineers (and combustion engineers) involved in production and processing syngas. The editors Dr Indarto and Dr Palgunadi did do an excellent job. Jacob A. Moulijn Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands