Synergy : science and technology, applied science and technology, secondary cycle two, year 1. Student Textbook PDF
Preview Synergy : science and technology, applied science and technology, secondary cycle two, year 1. Student Textbook
CHENELIÈRE ÉDUCATION Laboratory Instruments Miscellaneous accessories Stirring rod and Erlenmeyer flasks and magnetic stir bar rubber stopper Round-bottom flask Wash bottle Beakers and beaker tongs Safety glasses Petri dish Mortar and pestle Dropping pipette and dropper bottle Litmus paper Funnel and funnel stand Spatula Test tubes, rubber stoppers, test-tube stand and Retort stand, ring clamp and test-tube tongs universal clamp and Equipment Observation instruments Dissecting tools Slides and coverslips Pan, forceps, scalpel, scissors Microscope Measuring instruments Heating instruments Quad-beam balance Bunsen burner Graduated cylinder Crucible Thermometer Hot plate Overflow can Claudie Chartré Isabelle Levert With the collaboration of Olivier-LouisRobert (Space)• MichelCaillier(The Earth)•ChantalRacline, ÉricAthlan (TheLivingWorld)•DominiquePicard(The Living World and Biotechnology)•Marie-LuceLeclerc(TheMaterial World)•SophieBlais (TheTechnological World) Translators:Jacquie Charlton,CristinaCusano, Jacqueline Dinsmore,ClaireDupuis,JenniferWestlake CHENELIÈRE ÉDUCATION Synergy ScienceandTechnology Acknowledgments AppliedScienceandTechnology The publisherwishestothankthefollowingteachersfortheir SecondaryCycleTwo,Year1 invaluableguidance:FrancineBeaudet,Écolesecondaire StudentTextbook DesTrois-Saisons,CSdesAffluents;BénédicteBoissard, ClaudieChartré,IsabelleLevert ÉcolesecondaireRive-Nord,CSdelaSeigneuriedesMille- Îles;YvesCorbel,ÉcolesecondaireArmand-Corbeil,CSdes ©2009LesÉditionsdelaChenelièreinc. Affluents;NathalieFlammand,ÉcolesecondaireFrenette, Editors:AnnieFortier,CarolineMcClish CSdelaRivière-du-Nord;AndréLabelle,ÉcoleDominique- Coordinators:ClaireCampeau,ChristianeGauthier, Savio,CSdeMontréal;FrancisLapointe,Polyvalentedes Marie-NoëlleHamar,FrançoisMoreault,MichelNepveu, Deux-Montagnes,CSdelaSeigneuriedesMille-Îles;Robert SamuelRosa,SimonSt-Onge Longpré,ÉcolesecondaireGérard-Filion,CSMarie-Victorin; CopyEditors:NicoleBlanchette,NicoleDemers, JoséeMonet,ÉcolesecondaireSt-Maxime,CSdeLaval; GinetteGratton,AndréSt-Hilaire DanielMorin,ÉcolesecondaireLouis-Riel,CSdeMontréal; Proofreaders:RenéeBédard,NicoleDemers, MarylènePiché,PolyvalenteHenri-Bourassa,CSdelaPointe- GinetteGratton,AndréSt-Hilaire de-lʼÎle;DenisPinsonnault,SéminaireTrès-Sainte-Trinité; GraphicandComputerGraphicDesigner:Dessine-moiunmouton JacquelineRathé-Kassabian,SéminaireTrès-Sainte-Trinité; BookCoverDesigner:Dessine-moiunmouton SylvainSt-Cyr,ÉcolesecondairedelaCité-des-Jeunes, PhotoDigitizer:CentredeproductionpartagéedeMontréal, CSdesTrois-Lacs. TranscontinentalMedia TechnicalIllustrators:SophieJacopin,LateNightStudio, Thepublisheralsowishestothankthefollowingreviewers JacquesPerreault,PolygoneStudio,MichelRouleau, fortheirgenerousexpertiseinprovidinginputonthescience MarcTellier content: MarcConstantin,UniversitéLaval(TheEarth);Hai ImageResearchers:StéphanieColvey,Marie-ChantalLaforge Dao,nutritionist(TheLivingWorld);PascalDesrosiers Printer:TranscontinentalPrinting (Biotechnology);Dr.SergeDubé,UniversitédeMontréal (TheLivingWorld);ÉricGuadagno(TheToolbox);France EnglishVersion Lagacé(Biotechnology);Dr.MoniqueLandry(Biotechnology); ProjectManager:PhilipFine MichelLemay,Institutdetechnologieagroalimentairede Translators:JacquieCharlton,CristinaCusano, LaPocatière(Biotechnology);RichardMartel,Universitéde JacquelineDinsmore,ClaireDupuis,JenniferWestlake Montréal(TheMaterialWorld);DominiqueMichaud,Université CopyEditors:AlexisDiamond,SarahHaggard,KatheLieber, Laval(Biotechnology);MichelRocheleau,UniversitéLaval EileenTravers (TheEarth);SylvainSt-Cyr(TheTechnologicalWorld); PedagogicalConsultant:HeatherUsher,LaurentianRegionalHigh FrançoisWesemaël,UniversitédeMontréal(Space). School,SirWilfridLaurierSchoolBoard Proofreaders:ManonBujold,VeronicaSchamiEditorialServices ThepublisheralsowishestothankJoaneRouthier,P.Dt.for Layout:TranscontinentalTransmédiaPublishingServices hernutritionalexpertise. Printer:TranscontinentalPrinting CHENELIÈREÉDUCATION 7001Saint-LaurentBlvd. Montréal,Québec H2S3E3 Canada Telephone:514273-1066 Fax:514276-0324 [email protected] ALLRIGHTSRESERVED. Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorby anymeanswithoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher. ISBN978-2-7652-1226-3 Legaldeposit:1stquarter2010 BibliothèqueetArchivesnationalesduQuébec LibraryandArchivesCanada PrintedinCanada 1 2 3 4 5 ITIB 13 12 11 10 09 We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada for our publishing activities through the Book Publishing IndustryDevelopmentProgram(BPIDP). GouvernementduQuébec–Taxcreditforbookpublishing–Admin- isteredbySODEC. TheseprogramsarefundedbyQuébecʼsMinistèredelʼÉducation, du Loisir et du Sport, through contributions from the Canada- QuébecAgreement on Minority-Language and Second-Language Instruction. Table of Contents TextbookLayout ...........................VI Tissues,Organs ConceptsofSTandASTPrograms ............X andSystems ................62 TestYourKnowledge! ...........65 SectionReview ................66 Chapter 1 Section 2Nutrition......................67 TheDigestiveSystem ...........68 TestYourKnowledge! ...........87 TheRespiratorySystem .........89 The Earth and Space TestYourKnowledge! ...........98 .................2 TheCirculatoryand Cycle One Review ....................4 LymphaticSystems ..........99 Section 1 Space .........................7 TestYourKnowledge! ..........119 TheScaleoftheUniverse ........8 TheExcretorySystem...........121 ConditionsConducivetothe HowSystemsWorkTogether ....126 DevelopmentofLife .........20 TestYourKnowledge! ..........127 TestYourKnowledge! ..........24 SectionReview................128 SectionReview................25 Section 3Interrelationships ..............131 Section 2 TheEarth .....................26 TheNervousSystem ...........132 Fossils........................27 TestYourKnowledge! ..........144 Stratigraphy ..................28 SensoryReceptors.............146 TheGeologicalTimeScale ......29 AnatomyoftheEye .........146 TestYourKnowledge!........155 MajorStagesintheHistoryof AnatomyandPhysiology LifeonEarthandMassive oftheEar ..................156 Extinctions .................32 TestYourKnowledge! ........161 TestYourKnowledge! ..........42 AnatomyoftheSkin.........161 SectionReview ................43 TestYourKnowledge!........167 AnatomyoftheNoseand Chapter 2 Tongue ....................167 TestYourKnowledge!........172 TheMusculoskeletal System ....................173 TestYourKnowledge! ..........188 The Living World SectionReview ...............190 .....................44 Cycle One Review ...................46 Section 4 Reproduction .................195 TheStagesofLife .............196 Section 1TheHierarchical TheMaleReproductiveSystem ...197 OrganizationofLife .........49 TheCell.......................50 TheFemaleReproductive DNAand System ...................202 GeneticMaterial ..........51 TestYourKnowledge!..........209 TestYourKnowledge! ........53 HowSystemsWorkTogether ....211 CellDivision ................54 SectionReview................212 GeneticDiversity ............58 TestYourKnowledge! ........62 TABLEOFCONTENTS III Section 5 Waves .......................293 Chapter 3 TypesofWaves ...............294 TheCharacteristicsofWaves ...296 Sound .......................298 TheElectromagnetic Spectrum ...............300 The Material World TheDeviationof .................214 LightWaves ...............303 Cycle One Review ...................216 Lenses .......................310 Section 1 OrganizationofMatter ........217 TestYourKnowledge! ..........313 AtomsandMolecules ..........217 SectionReview ................315 PureSubstances ..............220 Homogeneousand Chapter 4 HeterogeneousMixtures ....222 TheParticleModel ............225 TestYourKnowledge! ..........227 SectionReview ...............228 The Technological World ..........318 Section 2 PropertiesofMatter...........229 CharacteristicPhysical Cycle One Review ..................320 Properties .................232 Section 1 GraphicalLanguage ...........323 CharacteristicChemical TheConceptualSketchandthe Properties .................242 TechnicalDrawing ..........324 PropertiesofSolutions ........244 BasicLines ...................325 TestYourKnowledge! ..........250 GeometricLayout .............327 SectionReview ...............252 Scales .......................328 TestYourKnowledge! ..........329 Section 3 ChangesinMatter ............253 TypesofProjection ............330 PhysicalChanges..............255 TestYourKnowledge! ..........336 ChemicalChanges ............267 FormsofEnergy ..............273 AST Cross-sections ................337 Sections .....................339 TestYourKnowledge! ..........275 AST Tolerances ....................341 SectionReview ...............277 TestYourKnowledge! ..........342 Section 4 Fluids .......................279 DiagramsandSymbols ........343 Pressure .....................280 TestYourKnowledge! ..........349 Compressibleand SectionReview ...............350 IncompressibleFluids .......286 Section 2 Engineering ..................353 TheRelationshipBetween MechanicalEngineering .......354 PressureandVolumeof TestYourKnowledge! ..........371 CompressibleFluids ........287 AST ElectricalEngineering ..........372 TestYourKnowledge! ..........289 TestYourKnowledge! ..........378 SectionReview................291 SectionReview ...............379 IV TABLEOFCONTENTS Section 3 Materials.....................381 Topic 9 ............................... 447 Stress .......................382 Topic 10 .............................. 448 MechanicalProperties Topic 11 .............................. 449 ofMaterials ...............385 Topic 12 .............................. 450 TypesofMaterialsand Topic 13 .............................. 452 TheirProperties ............386 Topic 14 .............................. 453 TestYourKnowledge! .........400 Topic 15 .............................. 454 SectionReview ...............401 Topic 16 .............................. 456 AST Section 4 Manufacturing ...............403 Topic 17 .............................. 457 AST Measuring ...................404 Topic 18 .............................. 458 AST LayingOut...................406 Topic 19 .............................. 460 AST Machining ...................407 Topic 20 .............................. 462 AST Assembling ..................407 Topic 21 .............................. 463 AST Finishing ....................407 Topic 22 .............................. 464 TestYourKnowledge! .........409 SectionReview ...............410 Section 5 Biotechnology ................411 Toolbox Pasteurization ................413 Vaccines .....................415 AssistedReproduction ........420 CellCultures .................425 Summary ..............................467 GeneticTransformation........428 EthicalQuestionsRaisedby Tool1 ................................468 Biotechnology .............430 Tool2 ................................474 TestYourKnowledge! ..........431 T SectionReview ...............433 Tool3 ................................479 Tool4 ................................483 Tool5 ................................485 opics Tool6 ................................489 Tool7 ................................493 Tool8 ................................496 Summary ...............................435 Tool9 ................................498 Topic 1 ............................... 436 Tool10 ................................506 Topic 2 ............................... 437 Topic 3 ............................... 438 Tool11 ................................507 Topic 4 ............................... 439 Tool12 ................................ 512 Topic 5 ...............................440 Topic 6 ............................... 442 Glossary and Index Topic 7 ...............................444 .................524 Topic 8 ............................... 446 Credits .................................539 TABLEOFCONTENTS V Textbook Layout Synergyisdividedintofourchapters:“TheEarthandSpace,”“TheLivingWorld,”“TheMaterial World”and“TheTechnologicalWorld.”Thechaptersarefollowedbyaseriesoftopicsthat givestudentsanopportunitytousewhattheyhavelearnedinthechapters.TheToolbox presentstechniquesandstrategiesthatmakeiteasierforstudentstoperformtheactivi- tiessuggestedinthetopics.Finally,theGlossaryandIndexgivesmeaningsforwordsand expressionscommonlyusedinscienceandtechnology. Introduction to the chapter Chapter 2 T heLivingWorld Manyfascinatingphenomenaoccurinthehumanbody. Oneexampleishowthezygote,amicroscopiccell, Theintroductorytext developsintoacompleteanduniquehumanbeing, acomplexorganismmadeupofseveralsystems,allof outlinestheconcepts whichareinterconnected.Itisabletoreproduceand givelifetoanotherhumanbeingthatisjustasunique thatwillbecoveredin andcomplex.In“TheLivingWorld,”youwilllearnall abouttheamazingcomplexityofthehumanbody. thechapter. Thischapterexplainsthevariouslevelsoforganization inthehumanbody,thatis,thecells,tissuesandorgans thatmakeupitssystems.Byanalyzingthecelland celldivision,wewillseewhynotwoindividualsare identical.Learningabouttheanatomyandphysiology ofthebody’smajorsystemsgives TheSummarypresents usabetterunderstandingofhow Summary itworksandencouragesusto SECTION1 thevarioussectionsthat adoptahealthylifestyle. TheHierarchicalOrganizationofLife.....49 SNEuCtTriItOioNn2.............................67 makeupthechapter. SECTION3 Interrelationships.....................131 SECTION4 Reproduction.........................195 44 45 TheCycleOneReview CycleOneReview EXCHANGESBETWEENTHECELLANDITSENVIRONMENT providesareviewof Diffusionandosmosis CycleOneconceptsin CHARACTERISTICSOFLIVINGTHINGS Mechanismsthroughwhichsubstancescrossthecellmembrane. Thecell theformofconceptmaps Thecelrleipsrtohdeubcea.siScoumneitcoefllslifaer.eItecvaennafebeldetitosemlfo,vgero.wand MovementofpartDicilfefsufsrioomnanareaofhigher ThepassageofwatOersamcroosssisthecellmembrane. anddiagrams. concentrationtoanareaoflower Watermovesfromanareawithalowersolute concentrationuntilanequilibrium concentrationtoanareaofhighersolute Maincomponentsof Cellularrespiration isreached. concentrationuntilanequilibrium theanimalcell Achemicalreactionthatproducesenergy isreached. bytransformingnutrients(e.g.glucose)in Cytoplasm tthharaneetdipcoerwnellas.ateTlenshroce(eHrceoh2lOfeeaom),sxwieycsghaeclicnaehrq(bOuaora2ne)t.iedoCvineoalxclfuoiudlraaectree(rCdlelOusbp2lya)i-r Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Equilibrium respirationis: 2% 4% 2% 4% Cmeellmbrane NutriIeNnPUtTsS+O2EnergyO+UCTPOU2TS+H2O 6% 4% 6% 4% ThenuacclteivuistNiceuosclnetuhtrsroolusgthh:ecell’s T(cbooheuncetacsseuiondsleuterttatehhtieleoecncaeev(lleilln)smsatinehdmdeemabthrreoaeanvceeoesfillsth)o.piwTgehhramiersdremctaohbonelvecea.emrnetearnaottfioolconcwuerrs Wc(tmoheaualeltkt)seseaorisndlluedtehtatmeivhseboemsuvctteoehspvlelee)t.omarTmwreehaenaeratdocbpeflteollhlostemwsoiaebetrmrleheace.boorsnaofcnlheveinegitnshrtaeim(trwicopaonetnre(mcirne),ensawitdbrhaeleitctihhtooen StruCchturoremsocsoonmtaeinsing SubsItnapnucetssthat SubOstuatnpcueststhat Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Equilibrium anindividual’sgeneticcode. enterasystem areproduced Inanimalandplantcells, (e.g.acell)and byasystem ltohceatcehdroinmtohseonmuecsleaures. foarrtehneescyesstseamryto an(de.tgh.eancleelal)ve 6% 4% 6% 4% Chrcoomnotasionm:es funcTthioeninppruotpserly. Tthheeosyusttpeumts. 2% 4% 2% 4% ofcellular ofcellular respirationare: respirationare: ChrosmpeocsiofimcegesneegGtmiecnecenhstasrtahcatetrdisettiecrsm.ine ––noxuytgrieennt(sO2) –––decwaniaoretbxreiogdrnye(H(2COO)2) Tttchieholeelncms(eooellulum)ttasbenirdldaeenamtevhoeiessvecptsehelertl)mo.awTerehaaarbidsloemtf.hhoeivgaehrmeearencootfnoloccewcnuetrrrsacbtoienoccnaeu(nisntersaitd-hee Wc(stihoenalilslsut)ietdmareenolbdetvuhaemvtemepocseevenrtellmhts).epteToaoahwrbseeslaaeicrbedotlloeflt.lmhtoheweeamesrreobaclrvoaoennfnechteiin(sgwthirmaaettrpeicroe)orn,mnw(coeheuanibcttshlreiadmtteioaotknthheese 46 CHAPTER2•TheLivingWorld CYCLEONEREVIEW 47 VI TEXTBOOKLAYOUT
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