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Green Energy and Technology Majid Amidpour · Mohammad Ebadollahi · Farkhondeh Jabari · Mohammad-Reza Kolahi · Hadi Ghaebi Editors Synergy Development in Renewables Assisted Multi-carrier Systems Green Energy and Technology Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scientificresearchandnoveltechnicalsolutions.ThemonographseriesGreenEnergy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo- gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solu- tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech- nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans frominstructionaltohighlytechnical. **IndexedinScopus**. **IndexedinEiCompendex**. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8059 · · Majid Amidpour Mohammad Ebadollahi · · Farkhondeh Jabari Mohammad-Reza Kolahi Hadi Ghaebi Editors Synergy Development in Renewables Assisted Multi-carrier Systems Editors MajidAmidpour MohammadEbadollahi FacultyofMechanicalEngineering FacultyofMechanicalEngineering K.N.ToosiUniversityofTechnology K.N.ToosiUniversityofTechnology Tehran,Iran Tehran,Iran FarkhondehJabari Mohammad-RezaKolahi DepartmentofPowerSystemOperation EnergyandEnvironmentalResearchCenter andPlanning NirooResearchInstitute NirooResearchInstitute Tehran,Iran Tehran,Iran HadiGhaebi FacultyofEngineering UniversityofMohagheghArdabili Ardabil,Iran ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic) GreenEnergyandTechnology ISBN978-3-030-90719-8 ISBN978-3-030-90720-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90720-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland InmemoryofmaestroMohammad-Reza Shajarian... Preface Due to the environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels and the non-permanent natureoftheseresources,themovetowardtheuseofrenewableenergyhasaccel- erated. Renewable energy systems are stable, do not pollute the environment, and leadtosustainabledevelopmentinthecountries.Inrecentyears,manyattemptshave beenmadetoimprovetheenergysystems’performancebyusingmulti-generation units and analyzing them from energy, exergy, economics, and the environment. This book’s primary goal is the effort to introduce new methods for assessing and upgrading the synergy. Therefore, the book explores sustainable practices such as water-energy-foodnexusinpoly-generationunitsandnoveldesalinationsystems. Oneofthesignificantissuesintheseenergysystemsisthestoragemethods;for instance,carboncapturetoreduceenvironmentalpollutionandthehydrogenstorefor theutilizationofsupplementaryfuel.Inthisregard,theeliminationofcarbondioxide, theapplicationofcleanfuelssuchasrenewableenergy,andthespecialconsiderations in energy storage with the approach of improving the welfare of society are the other purposes of this book. Also, robust optimization, uncertainty and risk-aware probabilisticanalysis,energymanagement,andpowersupplyofsensitiveplacessuch asoilrigplatformsbyrenewablesareconsideredotheraimsofthebook.Meanwhile, theuncertaintyoftheseunitshasledtomainconcernsregardingthereliabilityand flexibility of the smart grids. Therefore, uncertainty analysis is performed to help storeenergy,especiallyinvariableloadssuchassolarandwindenergies. Thisbookiswrittenwithcomprehensiveandsimultaneousapproachestoallthese concepts. While complementing previous books in this field, it adds several new methodsandprocedures.Theauthorsproposeabookasanappropriatereferencefor energysystemspecialists,academicresearchers,anddevelopersfromenergysectors andenvironmentalorganizations. This book retains its comprehensiveness and integrity, despite its extensive content. The book targets an interdisciplinary field, which is dedicated to energy systems and seeks to address the lack of fully inclusive references in this field. It presentsexcitingtopicsfromintroductorytoadvancedchaptersandmeetstheneeds ofmanyenthusiastsinthisfield.Becausethesubjectareaofthisbookisbroad,the authorsfocusedonbalancingeachchapter’stheoreticalandpracticalaspects. vii viii Preface Finally, the authors hope that the book will be helpful to undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and engineers, who are trying to solve and learn deepconceptsinthefieldofenergyengineeringinrenewableassistedmulti-carrier systems. Tehran,Iran MajidAmidpour Tehran,Iran MohammadEbadollahi Tehran,Iran FarkhondehJabari Tehran,Iran Mohammad-RezaKolahi Ardabil,Iran HadiGhaebi Contents PartI EfficiencyImprovementfromEnergy,Exergy,Economic, andEnvironmentalViewpoints,andWater,Energy,and FoodNexus 1 ExergoeconomicAnalysisofEnergyConversionSystems: FromFundamentalstoApplications ............................ 3 MuhammadAhmadJamil,HaseebYaqoob,TalhaS.Goraya, MuhammadWakilShahzad,andSyedM.Zubair 2 Efficiency Improvement and Cost Analysis of a New CombinedAbsorptionCoolingandPowerSystem ................ 23 FarzinJavanfam,HamedGhiasirad,andRahimKhoshbakhtiSaray 3 Reliability and Availability Consideration in Design ofanAmmonia-WaterCHPSystemforaLow-Temperature GeothermalSource ............................................ 51 HadiRostamzadeh,AfshinYaghoubi,SaeedGhavamiGargari, MajidAmidpour,andWeifengHe 4 Thermodynamic, Economic and Environmental Study ofaCombinedPowerGenerationCycleUsingBiogasFuel asaPrimaryHeatSource ...................................... 83 MohammadEbadollahi, OmidPourali, HadiGhaebi, andMajidAmidpour 5 A Biomass Assisted Solar-Based Multi-generation Plant withHydrogenandFreshwaterProduction:Sustainability, Advanced Exergy and Advanced Exergo-Economic Assessments .................................................. 107 NasimHashemian,AlirezaNoorpoor,andMajidAmidpour ix x Contents 6 PrincipleofLifeCycleAssessmentandCumulativeExergy Demand for Biodiesel Production: Farm-To-Combustion Approach ..................................................... 127 AshkanNabavi-Pelesaraei, ShahinRafiee, NaghmehMohammadkashi, Kwok-wingChau, andFatemehMostashari-Rad 7 Multi-generation System Optimization Compromising Water-Energy-EnvironmentNexus .............................. 171 MohammadTajikMansouri, ZahraGhaffarpour, MajidAmidpour,andJoséMaríaPonce-Ortega PartII ProceduresforStorageandCarbonCaptureinEnergy SystemSet-Ups 8 Primary Fuel Savings and CO Emission Reduction 2 intheMunicipalWasteviaAnaerobicDigestion .................. 203 MahdiRezaei, SaghiSalehi, MohammadEbadollahi, HadiRostamzadeh,ZahraGhaffarpour,AmirFarhangSotoodeh, andMajidAmidpour 9 Carbon Capture and Utilization as an Alternative forRenewableEnergyStorage ................................. 229 NimaMohammadiandBehnamMousazadeh 10 A Critical Survey of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture andStorage(BECCS) ......................................... 255 ChristopherSarkiziShamsHajianandMahsaSedighi 11 Working,ModelingandApplicationsofMoltenSaltTES Systems ...................................................... 279 MumtazA.Qaisrani,NaveedAhmed,andQiuwangWang 12 OptimizationofMulti-stageCoolingSystem’sPerformance forHydrogenFueledScramjet ................................. 311 PouryaSeyedmatin, MohammadEbadollahi, MojtabaBezaatpour,andMajidAmidpour PartIII EnergyProcurementinSensitivePlacesandRemote Areas 13 Abandoned Wells and Geothermal Energy: A Survey ontheUtilizationofGeothermalHeatfromAbandonedWells inEnergySystems ............................................. 337 Mohammad-RezaKolahi, MohammadEbadollahi, HosseinNami,MortazaYari,MajidAmidpour,andDavarEbrahimi