Swine Feeding and Nutrition PDF
Preview Swine Feeding and Nutrition
SWINE FEEDING AND NUTRITION ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION A Series of Monographs and Treatises Tony J. Cunha, Editor Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus University of Florida Gainesville, Florida and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California Tony J. Cunha, SWINE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1977 W. J. Miller, DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1979 Tilden Wayne Perry, BEEF CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1980 Tony J. Cunha, HORSE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1980 SWINE FEEDING A ND NUTRITION Tony J. Cunha Department of Animal Science School of Agriculture California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California A C A D E M IC P R E SS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers N ew York London Toronto Sydney S an Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cunha, Tony J Swine Feeding and nutrition. (Animal feeding and nutrition) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Swine-Feeding and feeds. I. Title. SF396.5.C86 636.4'θ8'4 77-5694 ISBN 0-12-196550-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 To the late Mr. and Mrs. F. T. Roseberry Los Banos, California and to my wife Gwen and family this book is dedicated in appreciation This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Past, Present, and Future in the Swine Industry I. Feeding and Nutrition 1 II. Crossbreeding 2 III. Multiple Farrowing 2 IV. Mechanization and Housing 3 V. Early Weaning 3 VI. Size of Production Units 3 VII. Age of Swine Producers and Effect on Size of Production Units 4 VIII. Diseases and Parasites 4 IX. Progress in Production Efficiency 5 X. Progress in Carcass Quality 5 XI. Excess Fat in Swine 9 XII. Reproduction in Meat-Type Animals 10 XIII. Cost of Pork Production Will Decrease 11 XIV. Summary 12 2 Problems in Supplying Feed Nutrients for the Pig I. Introduction 13 II. Need Well-Balanced Diets 13 III. Preventing Small Pig Losses 14 IV. What Makes a Good Diet 15 V. Underfeeding and Overfeeding 17 VI. Regularity and Changes in Feeding 19 VII. Nutrient Requirements of the Pig 19 VIII. Summary 30 References 31 3 Mineral Requirements of the Pig I. Relation of Soil Minerals to Swine Feeds 33 II. Increased Production and Confined Conditions Increase Mineral Needs 33 vii viii Contents III. Vital Functions of Minerals and Effects of Deficiency 34 IV. The Mineral Content of the Animal Body 34 V. Essential Mineral Elements and Those Apt to Be Deficient 35 VI. Calcium and Phosphorus 36 VII. Salt 46 VIII. Mineral Salts Vary in Mineral Elements 50 IX. Iodine 51 X. Iron and Copper 53 XI. Cobalt 59 XII. Manganese 60 XIII. Zinc 62 XIV. Magnesium 65 XV. Potassium 66 XVI. Sulfur 67 XVII. Molybdenum 67 XVm. Selenium 67 XIX. Fluorine 69 XX. Other Minerals 71 References 71 4 Vitamin Requirements of the Pig I. Introduction 75 II. List of Vitamins 75 III. What Is Known and Not Known 76 IV. Borderline Deficiency May Exist 77 V. Single Vitamin Deficiencies Rarely Found 77 VI. Natural versus Purified Diets 77 VII. Vitamin Needs Becoming More Critical 78 VIII. Supplementing Diets with Vitamins 80 IX. Unidentified Factors 80 X. Pasture Will Decrease Vitamin Needs 81 XI. Thiamin 81 XII. Riboflavin 83 XIII. Niacin 87 XIV. Pantothenic Acid 89 XV. Vitamin B6 94 XVI. Choline 96 XVII. Biotin 101 XVIII. myo-Inositol 108 XIX. p-Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA) 109 XX. Folacin 110 XXI. Vitamin B12 112 XXII. Vitamin C 114 XXIII. Vitamin A 117 XXIV. Vitamin D 122 XXV. Vitamin Κ 125 XXVI. Vitamin Ε 127 References 133 Contents ix 5 Protein Requirements of the Pig I. Introduction 139 II. Essential Amino Acids 141 III. Quality of Protein 142 IV. Time Factor in Protein Feeding 143 V. Excess Protein 144 VI. Amino Acid Requirements of the Pig 144 VII. Effect of Amino Acid Deficiencies 144 Vni. Urea as Protein Substitute 152 IX. Balance of Amino Acids 152 X. Protein Requirements of the Pig 153 XI. Energy-Protein Ratio Relationships 155 XII. Protein Level and Reproduction 155 XIII. Effect of Processing on Amino Acids 156 XIV. Protein Level and Carcass Composition 156 XV. Free-Choice Protein Feeding 158 XVI. General Information 158 References 6 Carbohydrates and Fiber I. Introduction 161 II. Carbohydrate Use by the Pig 161 ΠΙ. Fiber Utilization by the Pig 164 IV. Fiber Levels for Growing-Finishing Pigs 165 V. Fiber Levels for Sows 168 References 169 7 Fatty Acids, Fat, and Energy I. Need for Fat and Fatty Acids 171 II. Adding Fat to Diet 173 III. Decreasing Excess Fat in Carcass 175 IV. Do Not Sacrifice Carcass Quality and Reproduction 177 V. Unsaturated Fat in Pork 178 VI. Limiting Energy Intake 180 VII. Energy Values of Feeds 181 References 182 8 Water I. Introduction 183 II. Water Requirements 183 ΠΙ. Tolerance Level of Mineral Salts in Water 184 IV. Nitrates and Nitrites in Water 187 V. Effect of Temperature on Water Needs 188
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