Sustainable Thermal Power Resources Through Future Engineering

88 Pages·2019·4.349 MB·English

by  Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Editor
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
Sustainable
Thermal Power
Resources
Through Future
Engineering
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Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
Editor
Sustainable Thermal Power
Resources Through Future
Engineering
123
Editor
ShaharinAnwar Sulaiman
Department ofMechanical Engineering
Universiti TeknologiPetronas
Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-981-13-2967-8 ISBN978-981-13-2968-5 (eBook)
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Preface
Thermal power is a product involving energy conversion process with practical
coverage of thermal and fluid components and systems. It involves complex
knowledgeinthermodynamics, heat transfer andfluidmechanics, whichisusually
masteredbygraduatesinmechanicalengineering.Inelectricpowerplants,thermal
power serves as the primary product before electricity can be generated. Although
widely related to electric power plants, the knowledge in thermal power is also
widely applied in areas such as air conditioning, internal combustion engines, and
various industrial applications. Hence, the issues of energy efficiency and envi-
ronment are critical in the production of thermal power. Various and diverse
research works have been carried out worldwide in order to improve aspects in
usage and production of thermal power. The biggest leap in improvement of ther-
mal power probably occurred after the 1973 oil crisis, which saw a limited pro-
ductionofoilintheglobalmarket,resultinginsuddenincreaseinenergyprices.On
anotheraspect,theuseofairconditionersinhomesandofficesaroundtheworldhas
been the main driver of global energy demand over the next three decades; this
leads to urgent need to improve cooling efficiency. The emergence of Fourth
IndustrialRevolutionwould,inaddition,resultinincreaseddemandinthecapacity
of data centers. This would not happen without accompanying increase in demand
of cooling energy for data centers. Motivated by these issues, this book shares the
efforts by researchers in science and engineering on conventional and renewable
energy, and energy efficiency vis-à-vis thermal power. The editor would like to
express his gratitude to all the contributing authors for their effort in preparing the
manuscripts for the book. May it serve as a useful reference to readers.
Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
v
Contents
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Solar-Powered
Attic Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Firdaus Basrawi, Thamir K. Ibrahim, Surendran S. Sathiyaseelan
and A. A. Razak
Performance of Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Adlan Abdullah, Firmansyah
and Ezrann Zharif Zainal Abidin
Waste Heat Recovery from a Gas Turbine: Organic Rankine
Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Mior Azman Meor Said and Muhammad Helmi Zin Zawawi
Solar Thermal Energy Trapping Mechanisms in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Syed Ihtsham-ul-Haq Gilani
Air-to-Air Fixed Plate Energy Recovery Heat Exchangers
for Building’s HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Mohammad Shakir Nasif
Strategy for Cooling of Computing Data Center Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . 73
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
vii
Experimental Investigation
on Performance of Solar-Powered
Attic Ventilation
FirdausBasrawi,ThamirK.Ibrahim,
SurendranS.SathiyaseelanandA.A.Razak
Anatticventilationsystemhasthepotentialtoreducecoolingloadandpowercon-
sumption of an air-conditioning system in buildings that experience elevated tem-
peratureintheatticspaceduringtheday.Forthis,asolar-poweredatticventilation
system,whichharnessestheabundantsourceofsolarenergyfromthesun,isdesired
toventilatethehotatticspaceinaneconomicalway.Ontheotherhand,itisknown
thattheefficiencyofphotovoltaic(PV)cellsdecreaseswhentemperatureofthesolar
panelincreases.Thischapterdiscussesthedesignanddevelopmentofanefficientand
low-costsolar-poweredatticventilationsystem.Thenoveltyapproachisintendedto
improvethePVefficiencyandtheoverallperformanceofthesystembyproviding
airflowforthesolarpanelfromoutflowoftheventilationsystem.Thedesignedand
developed solar-powered attic ventilation system consists of an exhaust fan pow-
ered by a polycrystalline solar panel, a direct current to direct current (DC-DC)
step-downconverterpowermodule,ductingsystem,andventilationcasingassem-
bledtogether.Componentslikeventilationcasingandangleadjustablemountingfor
solarpanelarepreparedthroughfabricationwork.Afewexperimentsandtestingon
ventilationprocessandPVefficiencyareconductedtodeterminetheperformance,
workingcondition,andfunctionalityofthedevelopedsystem.Parameterslikeambi-
ent temperature and indoor temperature of the research location are studied in the
experimentofventilationprocess.Solarirradiance,thepowerproducedfromthePV,
andthepowerdeliveredtotheexhaustfanarestudiedthroughtheexperimentonPV
efficiency. The developed solar-powered attic ventilation system reduces the attic
temperature by 2.9 °C and keeps the temperature difference between the ambient
and indoor in the range of 0.1–0.4 °C. An increment of about 17% was observed
forthePVefficiencywhenthereisairflowforthePVmodulefromoutflowofthe
ventilationsystem.
B
F.Basrawi( )·T.K.Ibrahim·S.S.Sathiyaseelan·A.A.Razak
UniversitiMalaysiaPahang,Pahang,Malaysia
e-mail:mfi[email protected]
T.K.Ibrahim
TikritUniversity,Tikrit,Iraq
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 1
S.A.Sulaiman(ed.),SustainableThermalPowerResourcesThroughFuture
Engineering,SpringerBriefsinAppliedSciencesandTechnology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2968-5_1
2 F.Basrawietal.
Introduction
The Energy Commission of Malaysia shows that the electricity demand in
Malaysia increased from 18,882 MW in 2013 to 19,845 MW in 2014. The res-
idential sector consumes about 21% of the energy supply International Energy
Agency. Approximately 20% of this portion is used to power air conditioning
[1, 2]. The total number of air-conditioning units in residential buildings owned
byMalaysianswas582,792in2000[3].Itwasalsoestimatedthatthisfigurewould
increase to 726,504 units in 2005 and by roughly 1,217,746 units in 2015 [3]. In
anotherreport[4],itwasestimatedthatabout75%ofMalaysiansweredepending
onairconditioningforabetterthermalcomfort.
However,thewidespreaduseofair-conditioningsysteminhomesandbuildings
isquiteunsatisfying[1].Thisisbecauseanairconditionerconsumesalargeamount
ofenergy and incurs high electricitybilltoconsumers [5].Moreover, the problem
of higher energy consumptions willarise if the air conditioner is run throughout a
hotday.Duringahotday,heatbuildsupintheatticspacebecauseofincidentsolar
energy on the roof. The heat gets trapped within the attic space and is transferred
from the attic floor to the space below it, thus increasing the indoor temperature.
Consequently,thecoolingloadoftheair-conditioningsystemwillincrease.Theair-
conditioningsystemmustthenoperatelongertoreducethetemperatureandconsume
morepowertoovercometheextrathermalloadinthebuilding.
Therefore,thereisaneedofventilationsystemtoextractouthotairfromtheattic
spaceandtoreducethepowerconsumptionofairconditioners.Therearefewventi-
lationmethodslikenaturalventilationandmechanicalventilationwhichhavebeen
earlyeffortsinminimizingtheeffectsofheatbuildupintheatticspace.Currently,
themostcommerciallyavailableventilationsystemistheturbineventilatorsystem.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) [6] defines the turbine ventilator as a heat escape gate located on the
roofandissuitablyenclosedfordifferentweatherconditions,withthemajormotive
forcesbeingwindinductionandthestackeffect.
Theturbineventilatorsystem,however,isdependentonthewinddirection,wind
speed,andthestackeffect.Ifthespeedofthewindislow,theturbineventilatorcould
notworkeffectivelytoventilatetheatticspaceefficientlyinordertodisplacethehot
air.Additionally,theturbineventilatorsystemisquitecostlyforalowairflowrate
system.Thus,thesesystemshaveproventobelessefficientandeconomical.There-
fore, what is needed is an improved ventilation system that will properly ventilate
the attic space and reduces the cooling load of air conditioner. Together, it would
beapplicabletomanyroofconfigurationswithlowoperationandinstallationcosts
relativetootherventilationsystems.
Thereby,solar-poweredatticventilationsystemisdiscoveredasanewalternative
to enhance ventilation process in the attic space. Solar-powered attic ventilation
systemharnessestheabundantsourceofsolarenergyfromthesuntoventilateout
the hot air in the attic space in a more economical way [7]. It consists of solar
panelthatabsorbsthesunlightandconvertsitintoelectricalenergywhichpowers
ExperimentalInvestigationonPerformanceofSolar-Powered… 3
theexhaustfan[8].Theproposedsolar-poweredventilationsystemiseconomically
low-cost, significantly reduces the cooling load and energy consumption, requires
minimummaintenance,andisenvironmentfriendly.
Meanwhile,theuseofsolarpanelintheproposedventilationsystemleadstothe
interest in the efficiency of solar panel as well. It is known from the studies that
theefficiencyofthesolarpanelwilldecreaseifthetemperatureofthephotovoltaic
(PV)panelincreases[9].Therearesomepassiveandactivecoolingsystemsthatare
readilyavailabletomaintaintheefficiencyofthePVpanels[10].Despitethat,this
researchisalsointendedtoexploreanovelcoolingsystemforPVpanels.Apassive
coolingsysteminwhichrequiresnoinputenergysystemisproposed,inwhichtheair
ventilatedfromtheatticspaceisutilizedforcoolingofthePVpanel.Theventilated
air is directly channeled to the back surface of the PV panel via a ventilation and
ductingsystem.
Theworkpresentedinthischapteraimstodesignanddevelopasolar-powered
atticventilationsystemthatwillfacilitatetheventilationprocessoftheatticspace
efficientlyandeffectively.Atthesametime,thesolar-poweredventilationsystemis
integratedwithPVpanelcoolingsystemthatwillbenefiteachsystemconcurrently
underoneconsolidatedsystem.
Methodology
DesignandDevelopmentProcess
Figure1showsanoverallviewofthesolar-poweredventilationsystemandhoweach
componentisrelatedtoeachotherinworkingassystem.Itconsistsofanexhaustfan
thatispoweredbyasolarpanel,ventilationsystem,andductingsystem.Theexhaust
fanisassembledinsidetheresearchlocationwhilethesolarpanelismountedonan
angleadjustablemountingstructurewhichisplacedontherooftopoftheresearch
location. The transmission of power from the solar panel to the exhaust fan is via
asimpleelectricalcircuitthatcontainswiringsystem,switch,anddirectcurrentto
directcurrent(DC-DC)stepdownconverterpowermodule.Theventilationsystem
includesofaboxcasingwithshuttersealing,whereastheductingsystemismadeof
aflexibleductingpipethatconnectsbetweentheexhaustendoftheexhaustfanand
thebacksurfaceoftheventilationcasing.
Thedesignanddevelopmentprocessofthesolar-poweredatticventilationsystem
beginswiththeformulationandcalculationfortheproblemoftheproject.Firstly,
the size or the space volume of the research location is determined. The research
locationisacabincontainerintheresearchsiteoftheEnergySustainabilityFocus
GroupofFacultyofMechanicalEngineeringofUniversitiMalaysiaPahang,Pekan
Campus.Thedimensionofthecabincontaineris20ft×8ft×8.6ftwithavolume
of1376ft3.