Sustainable Resource Management: Technologies for Recovery and Reuse of Energy and Waste Materials, 2-Volume Set

795 Pages·2021·17.363 MB·English

by  Wenshan Guo, Huu Hao Ngo, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang

SustainableResourceManagement
Sustainable Resource Management
Technologies for Recovery and Reuse of Energy and Waste
Materials
Edited by
Wenshan Guo
Huu Hao Ngo
Rao Y. Surampalli
Tian C. Zhang
Volume1
Sustainable Resource Management
Technologies for Recovery and Reuse of Energy and Waste
Materials
Edited by
Wenshan Guo
Huu Hao Ngo
Rao Y. Surampalli
Tian C. Zhang
Volume2
Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.WenshanGuo publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained
Civil&EnvironmentalEngineering inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof
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v
Contents
Volume1
Preface xix
1 ResourceRecoveryandReuseforSustainableFuture
IntroductionandOverview 1
WenshanGuo,HuuHaoNgo,LijuanDeng,RaoY.Surampalli,
andTianC.Zhang
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 2
1.2.1 HierarchyofResourceUse 2
1.2.2 AnalyzingtheNeedsforResourceandEnergyRecovery
andReuse 2
1.2.2.1 PopulationGrowth 2
1.2.2.2 ResourceScarcity 4
1.2.2.3 EnvironmentalImpacts 4
1.2.2.4 EconomicalAspect 4
1.3 CurrentStatusofResourceRecoveryandReuse 5
1.3.1 Wastewater 5
1.3.1.1 NutrientRecovery 6
1.3.1.2 OrganicCarbonRecovery 6
1.3.1.3 HeatRecovery 7
1.3.2 Waste 7
1.4 ResearchNeeds 9
1.4.1 DevelopmentofNovelTechnologies 9
1.4.2 SocialandEconomicFeasibilityofResourceRecoveryand
Reuse 9
1.4.3 DevelopmentofInternationallyCoordinatedFramework
andStrategy 10
1.5 BookOverview 10
References 17
vi Contents
2 HydrothermalLiquefactionofFoodWaste:APotential
ResourceRecoveryStrategy 21
RanaprathapKatakojwala,HariShankarKopperi,AlthuriAvanthi,
andS.VenkataMohan
2.1 Introduction 21
2.1.1 GlobalFoodWasteProduction 22
2.1.2 ConventionalFoodWasteManagementPractices 23
2.1.2.1 LandFilling 23
2.1.2.2 Fertilizer/AnimalFeed 23
2.1.2.3 Incineration 23
2.1.2.4 Composting 24
2.1.3 AdvancedFoodWasteManagementMethods 24
2.1.3.1 Acidogenesis 24
2.1.3.2 Solventogenesis 24
2.1.3.3 Biodiesel 25
2.1.3.4 Bioplastics 26
2.2 SignificanceofHydrothermalLiquefactionofFoodWaste 26
2.2.1 HTLReactorOperation 27
2.2.2 IsothermalHTLandFastHTL 30
2.2.3 HTLProducts 30
2.2.4 GreenhouseGasEmissions 31
2.3 FactorsInfluencingHTLDuringFWTreatment 32
2.3.1 Temperature 34
2.3.2 ReactionTime 35
2.3.3 Solid-to-SolventRatio 35
2.3.4 CompositionofFoodWaste 36
2.3.5 CatalystConcentration 36
2.4 HTLofFoodWaste:CaseStudies 37
2.5 ConclusionsandFutureScope 39
Acknowledgement 40
References 40
3 CopingwithChange:(Re)EvolutionofWaste
ManagementinLocalAuthoritiesinEngland 47
PaulineDeutzandAnneKildunne
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 SustainabilityTransitionsLiterature 48
3.3 WasteManagementinEngland 51
3.4 ResearchDesignandMethods 52
3.4.1 ResearchDesign 53
3.4.2 Methods 53
3.4.3 SelectionofInterviewees 54
3.4.4 SecondaryData 58
Contents vii
3.5 ResultsandDiscussion 58
3.5.1 EnglishWasteintheContextoftheEU 58
3.5.2 InfluencesintheUKContextforLAs 64
3.5.3 Implementationofthe2000WasteStrategy 66
3.5.3.1 LAImplementationofWastePolicy 67
3.5.3.2 Targets 70
3.5.3.3 FinancialInstruments 70
3.5.3.4 RegionalGovernance 72
3.5.4 LocalAuthoritiesandthePublic 72
3.5.5 LegacyoftheStrategy 74
3.6 Conclusions 75
Acknowledgements 77
References 77
4 HydrothermalLiquefactionofLignocellulosic
BiomassforBioenergyProduction 83
HuihuiChen,GangLuo,andShichengZhang
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 CompositionofLignocellulosicBiomassandtheirDegradationin
HTLProcesses 85
4.2.1 CompositionofLignocellulosicBiomass 85
4.2.2 BriefReviewontheDevelopmentofHTLTechnology 85
4.2.3 MainComponentsDegradationoftheLignocellulosicBiomass
DuringHTL 87
4.2.3.1 CelluloseanditsDegradationinHTLProcesses 87
4.2.3.2 HemicelluloseanditsDegradationinHTCProcess 88
4.2.3.3 LigninanditsDegradationinHTCProcesses 88
4.3 ResearchStatusinHTLofLignocellulosicBiomass 90
4.3.1 ProductsDescription 90
4.3.1.1 Bio-oil 90
4.3.1.2 SolidResidue 90
4.3.1.3 OtherBy-products 91
4.3.2 OperatingParametersforBio-oilProductionbyHTL 91
4.3.2.1 Bio-oil 92
4.3.2.2 Temperature 93
4.3.2.3 HeatingRate 93
4.3.2.4 ResidenceTime 94
4.3.2.5 Pressure 94
4.3.2.6 Catalysts 95
4.3.2.7 Liquid-to-SolidRatio 96
4.4 LimitationsandProspectsforBioenergyProductionfrom
LignocellulosicBiomassbyHTL 97
4.4.1 PoorQualityofCrudeBio-oil 97
viii Contents
4.4.2 AqueousBy-productsUtilization 97
4.4.3 Prospects 98
4.5 ConclusionandFutureWork 98
References 99
5 ResourceRecovery-OrientedSanitationandSustainable
HumanExcretaManagement 109
SudheerSalana,TuhinBanerji,AmanKumar,EktaSingh,
andSunilKumar
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 PresentScenario 111
5.2.1 EcologicalSanitation 112
5.2.1.1 RottebehaelterandCentrifugalSeparationSanitation 113
5.2.1.2 Biofilters,VermicompostingUnits,BagToilets 114
5.2.2 Failure,Success,andLessons 115
5.3 ResourceRecoveryOptionsinRuralAreas 116
5.3.1 NutrientRecoveryfromUrine 117
5.3.2 AnaerobicDigestionorComposting? 119
5.3.3 Community-ScaleorHouseholdModels? 121
5.4 ResourceRecoverySanitationinUrbanContext 121
5.4.1 EnergyMatters 121
5.4.2 JohkasouSystems 123
5.4.3 PossibilitiesofIndustrial-ScaleUnits 124
5.5 LifeCycleAssessmentofSanitationSystems 125
5.6 HumanExcretaandSustainableFuture 127
5.6.1 EconomicsofResourceRecoverySanitation 127
5.6.2 SanitationAccessandResourceRecovery 128
5.7 ConclusionandRecommendations 130
References 131
6 ResourceRecoveryandRecyclingfromLivestock
Manure:CurrentStatue,Challenges,andFuture
ProspectsforSustainableManagement 137
TaoLiu,HongyuChen,JunchaoZhao,ParimalaGnanaSoundari,
XiunaRen,SanjeevKumarAwasthi,YuminDuan,
MukeshKumarAwasthi,andZengqiangZhang
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 PresentScenarioandGlobalPerspectiveofManureGeneration
andRecycling 139
6.2.1 SanitizationandHygieneinManureManagement 139
6.2.1.1 AerobicComposting 139
6.2.2 ImportanceandSignificanceofResourceRecovery 141
Contents ix
6.2.2.1 NitrogenandPhosphorusRecoveryfromLivestockManure 141
6.2.2.2 HeavyMetalRecoveryfromLivestockManure 142
6.3 ResourceRecoveryTechnologiesandLogisticsforHandling,
Transport,andDistributionofManures 142
6.3.1 NutrientRecoveryfromManure 142
6.3.2 BioenergyProductionbyAnaerobicDigestion/Co-digestion 147
6.3.3 Composting/Co-composting 147
6.3.4 CentralizedandDe-centralizedModels? 148
6.4 EnergyMattersandEconomicFeasibility 149
6.4.1 EnergyProduction 149
6.4.2 MineralReutilization 150
6.4.2.1 AmmoniaStripping 150
6.4.2.2 StruviteCrystallization 150
6.4.2.3 MineralConcentrates 150
6.5 ResourceRecoverySanitationinDevelopedandDeveloping
Countries 151
6.5.1 OperationalGuidelinesforSeptageTreatmentandDisposal 153
6.5.1.1 Storage 154
6.5.1.2 Pasteurization 154
6.5.1.3 ChemicalTreatments 154
6.5.1.4 AnaerobicTreatments 154
6.5.1.5 Composting 155
6.5.2 TestingthePossibilitiesofCommercial-ScaleResource
Recovery 155
6.6 LifeCycleAssessmentofSustainableManureManagement
Systems 156
6.7 InnovationinSustainableManureManagementSystemsand
Recycling 157
6.7.1 EconomicsofResourceRecoveryfromManureand
Sanitation 157
6.7.2 BusinessModelsforaCircularEconomy 158
6.7.3 EnablingEnvironmentSanitationandFinancingforResource
Recovery 159
6.8 ChallengesandLimitation 160
6.9 ConclusionandFutureProspects 160
Acknowledgements 161
References 161
7 UtilizationofMicroalgaeandThraustochytridsforthe
ProductionofBiofuelandNutraceuticalProducts 167
YingLiuandJayJ.Cheng
7.1 Introduction 167
x Contents
7.1.1 Microalgae 167
7.1.2 Thraustochytrids 167
7.1.3 BiodieselandBiobasedJetFuel 168
7.1.4 DocosahexaenoicAcid(DHA)andEicosapentaenoic
Acid(EPA) 168
7.2 MicroalgaeforBiodieselandJetFuelProduction 169
7.2.1 SelectionofMicroalgae 169
7.2.2 ProcessesofMicroalgaetoBiofuel 170
7.2.2.1 MicroalgaeCultivation 170
7.2.2.2 MicroalgaeHarvesting 172
7.2.2.3 ExtractionofOilfromMicroalgae 174
7.2.2.4 BiodieselProductionfromMicroalgalOil 175
7.2.2.5 JetFuelProductionfromMicroalgalOil 176
7.3 ThraustochytridsforBiodieselProduction 177
7.4 ChallengesofMicroalgaeandThraustochytridstoBiofuel 178
7.5 MicroalgaeandThraustochytridsforDHAandEPA
Productions 179
7.6 FuturePerspectives 183
7.6.1 IntegratedMicroalgae/ThraustochytridsCultivationand
HarvestingSystem 183
7.6.2 GeneticallyModifiedMicroalgae/ThraustochytridsforHighOil
andEasyExtractionofLipids 184
7.6.3 IntegratedMicroalgae/ThraustochytridsSystemforBiofueland
DHA/EPAProduction 186
References 186
8 PertinentIssuesofAlgalEnergyandBio-Product
DevelopmentABiorefineryPerspective 199
GoldyDeBhowmickandAjitK.Sarmah
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 CurrentStatusofAlgalEnergyandBio-productFormation 200
8.3 AnalysisofConversionMethods 202
8.3.1 DynamicsofAlgalBiomassComposition 202
8.3.2 ConversionRoutes 203
8.3.3 ProductYieldandMarketValue 204
8.4 CompetentApplicationsofAlgae 205
8.5 BiorefineryandIntegratedApproaches 207
8.6 TechnologicalIssues:ProsandCons 208
8.7 LifeCycleAssessment 210
8.8 Techno-EconomicAnalysis(TEA) 211
8.9 FuturisticOptions 212
References 213