Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients PDF
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Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients Related titles MembranesforCleanandRenewablePowerApplications (ISBN978-0-85709-545-9) AdvancedMembraneScienceandTechnologyforSustainableEnergyandEnvironmental Applications (ISBN978-1-84569-969-7) WaveEnergyConversion (ISBN978-0-08-044212-9) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 95 Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients Edited by Andrea Cipollina and Giorgio Micale AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE (cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON (cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-100312-1(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100323-7(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionEditor:SarahHughes EditorialProjectManager:AlexWhite ProductionProjectManager:PoulouseJoseph Designer:GregHarris TypesetbySPiBooks Covercredits:TheEditorswouldliketoacknowledgeDr.MicheleTedesco(our“graphical artist”)fortheillustration“twodropletsofenergy”reportedinthebookcover. List of contributors A. Achilli HumboldtState University,Arcata, CA, United States G.BlandinGhentUniversity,Gent,Belgium;TheUniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW, Australia D. Brogioli Independent Researcher, Milan, Italy T.-S.Chung National Universityof Singapore, Singapore A. CipollinaUniversità degliStudi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy A. D’Angelo Università degli Studi diPalermo,Palermo, Italy S. Derese Ghent University, Gent, Belgium A. Galia Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy S. Grasman REDstack B.V., Sneek, TheNetherlands L. Gurreri Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy G. HanNational UniversityofSingapore, Singapore K.L. Hickenbottom HumboldtState University,Arcata, CA; Colorado School of Mines,Golden, CO, United States K. Kumpavat DNV GL, Arnhem, The Netherlands F. La MantiaUniversity ofBremen,Bremen,Germany P. Le Clech The UniversityofNew South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia X. LiNational Universityof Singapore, Singapore G. Micale UniversitàdegliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy M. Papapetrou WIP, Munich, Germany M. Pasta University ofOxford, Oxford, United Kingdom x Listofcontributors A. Piacentino Università degli Studi diPalermo,Palermo, Italy J. Post Wetsus, European Centre ofExcellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands O. Scialdone Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy A. TamburiniUniversitàdegliStudi diPalermo, Palermo,Italy M. Tedesco Università degliStudi diPalermo, Palermo, Italy; Wetsus, European Centreof Excellence for Sustainable WaterTechnology,Leeuwarden, The Netherlands M. Vanoppen GhentUniversity,Gent,Belgium J. Veerman REDstack B.V., Sneek, TheNetherlands A.R.D.VerliefdeGhentUniversity, Gent, Belgium D.A.Vermaas AquaBattery B.V., Leiden; Delft University ofTechnology,Delft, TheNetherlands C. Wan National University ofSingapore, Singapore S. Zhang National UniversityofSingapore, Singapore Preface ItwasquiteafewyearsagowhentheEditorsenteredincontactforthefirsttimewith thesalinitygradientpower(SGP)community,agrowingcommunityofscientistsand technologistsexploringprocessesandapplicationsofthisnewsourceofsustainable energy.Sincethen,theEditorshaveenjoyedthepolyhedralnatureofthisbranchof science, encompassing a variety of disciplines from water technology to membrane science,electrochemistryandfluiddynamics,thermodynamics,andmanyotherengi- neeringdisciplines. Several studies indicate the importance of diversifying the energy sources for a globalsustainablegrowth.Salinitygradientenergycanbepartofthenewgeneration ofnon-conventionalsolutionsforanumberofenergy-relatedissues:energyproduc- tion,energyconversion,andenergystorage.Yet,theapplicabilityofSGPtechnolo- gies still poses some important challenges such as optimisation of materials and processes, scalability tothe industrialscaleand overall economical sustainability. The idea of this book originates from the need to have a simple yet wide and reliable source of information on fundamental and applicative aspects related toSGP,builtontheexperiencegainedsofarbyresearchersandR&D-drivencom- panies. The book covers the many facets of this complex subject, making also an attempt to standardising nomenclature, process classification, and relevant figures of merit. Indeed, with ‘Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients’, the Editors wish to offerthereadersacompendiumonsalinitygradientenergyandrelatedtechnologies. Book’s chapters are authored by some of the most knowledgeable scientists pioneering the development of SGP processes, our colleagues and friends to whom we are deeply grateful, who have greatly contributed to the book contents, sharing with ustheir knowledge,experiences, and challenging R&D activities. Thebookprovidesadetaileddescriptionoffundamentalsandapplicationsofthe three main classes of SGP processes, namely Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED), and Accumulator-mediated Mixing (AccMix). The most up-to-date achievements of laboratory activities, prototyping experiences, and industrialperspectivedevelopmentsarealsoreported.Inaddition,themostpromising novelapplicationsofSGPtechnologiesarepresented:(i)SGP-enginesfortheconver- sionoflow-temperatureheatintoelectricity,(ii)electrochemicalapplicationsofRED forthetreatmentofpollutedstreamsortheproductionofhigh-valuechemicals,and (iii)hybridschemestocoupleSGPwithdesalinationprocessesinordertosustainthe energetic competitiveness of fresh water production from the sea. Finally, environ- mentaland economic-relatedissuesare alsopresented. Overall, the Editors believe this book can stand as a valuable reference for any beginner approaching for the first time the topic of salinity gradient energy, for xii Preface studentsfromengineering,science,environmental,andtechnology-relatedareas,for researchers and professionalsfocusingon specific aspects ofSGP technologies. Wewouldliketodedicatethisbooktoourstudentswhohavespentmonthsoryears contributing with new ideas and powerful drives to the progress of our research activities at Università degli Studi di Palermo. They have been sharing with us the fascinatinglifeofacademicresearch,producingthemostfruitfulinteraction.Ourstu- dentsareinfact thebestsourceofinspiration andthestrongestmotivationtofulfill our educational mission at its best. A truly special acknowledgement to our colleague Alessandro Tamburini, with whom we share in full our professional life, for his tireless and meticulous support duringthe preparationof this book. Lastbutnotleast,ahopefortwo‘veryyoungstudents’,PietroandLorenzo:that theywillgrowwithloveforknowledgeandbraveryinundertakingthechallengeslife will present tothem… for a bright future, shining like small stars inthe sky. Andrea Cipollina and GiorgioMicale Palermo, February 2016 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy 1 Generating power at high efficiency: Combined cycle technology for sustainable energyproduction EricJeffs 2 Advancedseparationtechniquesfornuclearfuelreprocessingandradioactivewaste treatment EditedbyKennethL.NashandGreggJ.Lumetta 3 Bioalcoholproduction:Biochemicalconversionoflignocellulosicbiomass EditedbyKeithW.Waldron 4 Understandingandmitigatingageinginnuclearpowerplants:Materialsandopera- tionalaspectsofplantlifemanagement(PLiM) EditedbyPhilipG.Tipping 5 Advancedpowerplantmaterials,designandtechnology EditedbyDermotRoddy 6 Stand-alone and hybrid wind energy systems: Technology, energy storage and applications EditedbyJohnK.Kaldellis 7 Biodieselscienceandtechnology:Fromsoiltooil JanC.J.Bart,NatalePalmeriandStefanoCavallaro 8 Developmentsandinnovationincarbondioxide(CO )captureandstoragetechnology 2 Volume1:Carbondioxide(CO )capture,transportandindustrialapplications 2 EditedbyM.MercedesMaroto-Valer 9 Geologicalrepositorysystemsforsafedisposalofspentnuclearfuelsandradioactive waste EditedbyJoonhongAhnandMichaelJ.Apted 10 Wind energy systems: Optimising design and construction for safe and reliable operation EditedbyJohnD.SørensenandJensN.Sørensen 11 Solidoxidefuelcelltechnology:Principles,performanceandoperations KevinHuangandJohnBannisterGoodenough 12 Handbookofadvancedradioactivewasteconditioningtechnologies EditedbyMichaelI.Ojovan 13 Membranesforcleanandrenewablepowerapplications EditedbyAnnarosaGugliuzzaandAngeloBasile 14 Materialsforenergyefficiencyandthermalcomfortinbuildings EditedbyMatthewR.Hall 15 Handbookofbiofuelsproduction:Processesandtechnologies EditedbyRafaelLuque,JuanCampeloandJamesClark xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinEnergy 16 Developmentsandinnovationincarbondioxide(CO )captureandstoragetechnology 2 Volume2:Carbondioxide(CO )storageandutilisation 2 EditedbyM.MercedesMaroto-Valer 17 Oxy-fuelcombustionforpowergenerationandcarbondioxide(CO )capture 2 EditedbyLigangZheng 18 Smallandmicrocombinedheatandpower(CHP)systems:Advanceddesign,perfor- mance,materialsandapplications EditedbyRobertBeith 19 Advancesincleanhydrocarbonfuelprocessing:Scienceandtechnology EditedbyM.RashidKhan 20 Modern gas turbine systems: High efficiency, low emission, fuel flexible power generation EditedbyPeterJansohn 21 Concentratingsolarpowertechnology:Principles,developmentsandapplications EditedbyKeithLovegroveandWesStein 22 Nuclearcorrosionscienceandengineering EditedbyDamienF(cid:1)eron 23 Powerplantlifemanagementandperformanceimprovement EditedbyJohnE.Oakey 24 Electricaldrivesfordirectdriverenewableenergysystems EditedbyMarkusMuellerandHenkPolinder 25 Advancedmembranescienceandtechnologyforsustainableenergyandenvironmen- talapplications EditedbyAngeloBasileandSuzanaPereiraNunes 26 Irradiationembrittlementofreactorpressurevessels(RPVs)innuclearpowerplants EditedbyNaokiSoneda 27 Hightemperaturesuperconductors(HTS)forenergyapplications EditedbyZiadMelhem 28 Infrastructureandmethodologiesforthejustificationofnuclearpowerprogrammes EditedbyAgustı´nAlonso 29 Wastetoenergyconversiontechnology EditedbyNaomiB.KlinghofferandMarcoJ.Castaldi 30 Polymer electrolyte membrane and direct methanol fuel cell technology Volume 1: Fundamentalsandperformanceoflowtemperaturefuelcells EditedbyChristophHartnigandChristinaRoth 31 Polymer electrolyte membrane and direct methanol fuel cell technology Volume 2: Insitucharacterizationtechniquesforlowtemperaturefuelcells EditedbyChristophHartnigandChristinaRoth 32 Combinedcyclesystemsfornear-zeroemissionpowergeneration EditedbyAshokD.Rao 33 Modernearthbuildings:Materials,engineering,constructionandapplications EditedbyMatthewR.Hall,RickLindsayandMerorKrayenhoff 34 Metropolitansustainability:Understandingandimprovingtheurbanenvironment EditedbyFrankZeman 35 Functionalmaterialsforsustainableenergyapplications EditedbyJohnA.Kilner,StephenJ.Skinner,StuartJ.C.IrvineandPeterP.Edwards 36 Nucleardecommissioning:Planning,executionandinternationalexperience EditedbyMicheleLaraia
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