Susceptibility Weighted Imaging in MRI: Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications

751 Pages·2011·173.529 MB·English

by  E. Mark Haacke (editor), Jürgen R. Reichenbach (editor)

Susceptibility
Weighted Imaging in MRI
Susceptibility
Weighted Imaging in MRI
Basic Concepts and Clinical
Applications
Edited by
E. Mark Haacke
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
TheMRI Institute for Biomedical Research,Detroit, MI, USA
Case Western ReserveUniversity, Cleveland, OH, USA
Loma Linda University, Loma Linda,CA, USA
McMaster University, Hamilton,ON, Canada
€
Jurgen R. Reichenbach
Jena UniversityHospital, Jena, Germany
FriedrichSchillerUniversity, Jena, Germany
Copyright(cid:1)2011byWiley-Blackwell.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
SusceptibilityweightedimaginginMRI:basicconceptsandclinicalapplications/[editedby]
E.MarkHaacke,J€urgenR.Reichenbach
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences
ISBN978-0-470-04343-1(cloth)
1. Brain–Magneticresonanceimaging.2. Cerebrovasculardisease–Magneticresonanceimaging. I.
E.MarkHaacke,II.Reichenbach,J€urgenR.
[DNLM:1. MagneticResonanceImaging–methods. WN185M93982010]
RC386.6.M34M7632010
616.8’047548–dc22
2010018432
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
PREFACE ix
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS 1
1 Introduction to Susceptibility Weighted Imaging 3
J€urgenR.ReichenbachandE.MarkHaacke
2 Magnetic Susceptibility 17
JaladharNeelavalliandYu-ChungNormanCheng
3 Gradient Echo Imaging 33
J€urgenR.ReichenbachandE.MarkHaacke
4 Phaseand Its Relationship to Imaging Parameters and Susceptibility 47
AlexanderRauscher,E.MarkHaacke,JaladharNeelavalli,andJ€urgenR.Reichenbach
5 UnderstandingT*-Related Signal Loss 73
2
JanSedlacik,AlexanderRauscher,J€urgenR.Reichenbach,
andE.MarkHaacke
6 Processing Concepts and SWIFiltered Phase Images 89
AlexanderRauscherandStephanWitoszynskyj
7 MR Angiography and Venography ofthe Brain 103
SamuelBarnes,ZhaoyangJin,YipingP.Du,AndreasDeistung,
andJu¨rgenR.Reichenbach
v
vi CONTENTS
8 Brain Anatomy with Phase 121
JeffDuynandOliverSpeck
PART II CURRENT EFFORTS IN CLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL
RESEARCHUSINGSWI 137
9 SWI VenographicAnatomyof the Cerebrum 139
DanielK.Kido,JessicaTan,StevenMunson,UdochukwuE.Oyoyo,
andJ.PaulJacobson
10 NovelApproaches to Imaging Brain Tumors 151
SandeepMittal,BejoyThomas,ZhenWu,and E.MarkHaacke
11 Traumatic Brain Injury 171
KarenTong,BarbaraHolshouser,andZhenWu
12 ImagingCerebral Microbleeds with SWI 191
MuhammadAyaz,AlexanderBoikov,GrantMcAuley,MathewSchrag,
DanielK.Kido,E.MarkHaackeandWolffKirsch
13 ImagingIschemic Stroke andHemorrhage with SWI 215
NathanielWycliffe,GuangbinWang,MasahiroIda,andZhenWu
14 Visualizing Deep Medullary Veins withSWI
in Newborn and Young Infants 235
J.PaulJacobson,UdochukwuE.Oyoyo,DanielK.Kido,
JohnWuchenich,andStephenAshwal
15 Susceptibility Weighted Imagingin Multiple Sclerosis 249
YulinGe,RobertI.Grossman,andE.MarkHaacke
16 Cerebral Venous Diseasesand Occult Intracranial
Vascular Malformations 265
Hans-JoachimMentzel,GuangbinWang,MasahiroIda,
andJ€urgenR.Reichenbach
17 Sturge–Weber Syndrome 295
ZhifengKou,CsabaJuhaszandJianiHu
18 Visualizing the Vessel WallUsing Susceptibility
Weighted Imaging 307
YangQi,SamuelBarnesandE.MarkHaacke
19 ImagingBreast CalcificationUsingSWI 319
MichaelD.Noseworthy,ColmBoylan,andAliFatemi-Ardekani
20 Susceptibility Weighted Imagingat Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields 329
AndreasDeistung,SamuelBarnes,YulinGe,andJ€urgenR.Reichenbach
CONTENTS vii
PART III ADVANCED CONCEPTS 351
21 Improved Contrast in MR Imagingofthe MidbrainUsing SWI 353
ElenaManovaandE.MarkHaacke
22 Measuring Iron Content with Phase 369
ManjuLiu,CharbelHabib,YanweiMiao,andE.MarkHaacke
23 Validation of Phase Iron Detectionwith Synchrotron
X-Ray Fluorescence 403
HelenNichol,KarlaHopp,BogdanF.Gh.Popescu,andE.MarkHaacke
24 Rapid Calculation of Magnetic Field Perturbations from Biological
Tissue inMagnetic ResonanceImaging 419
JaladharNeelavalli,Yu-ChungNormanCheng,andE.MarkHaacke
25 SWIM: SusceptibilityMappingas aMeans toVisualize
Veins and Quantify Oxygen Saturation 461
JinTang,JaladharNeelavalli,SaifengLiu,Yu-ChungNormanCheng,
andE.MarkHaacke
26 EffectsofContrast AgentsinSusceptibilityWeighted Imaging 487
AndreasDeistungandJ€urgenR.Reichenbach
27 Oxygen Saturation:Quantification 517
E.MarkHaacke,KarthikPrabhakaran,IlayaRajaElangovan,ZhenWu,
andJaladharNeelavalli
28 Quantification ofOxygen Saturation ofSingleCerebral Veins,
the Blood Capillary Network, and Its Dependency on Perfusion 529
JanSedlacik,SongLai,andJ€urgenR.Reichenbach
29 Integrating PerfusionWeighted Imaging,MR Angiography,
and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging 543
MengLiandE.MarkHaacke
30 Functional SusceptibilityWeighted Magnetic ResonanceImaging 561
MarkusBarthandDanielB.Rowe
31 Complex ThresholdingMethods for EliminatingVoxels That
ContainPredominantlyNoise in Magnetic Resonance Images 577
DanielB.Rowe,JingJiang,andE.MarkHaacke
32 Automatic Vein Segmentation and Lesion Detection:
from SWI-MIPs toMR Venograms 605
SamuelBarnes,MarkusBarthandPeterKoopmans
33 Rapid Acquisition Methods 619
SongLai,YingbiaoXuandE.MarkHaacke
34 High-Resolution VenographicBOLDMRI ofAnimal
Brain at9.4 T: Implications for BOLD fMRI 637
Seong-GiKimandSung-HongPark
viii CONTENTS
35 Susceptibility Weighted Imagingin Rodents 649
YiminShen,ZhifengKou,andE.MarkHaacke
36 Ultrashort TE Imaging: Phaseand Frequency Mapping
of SusceptibilityEffectsinShort T Tissuesof the
2
MusculoskeletalSystem 669
JiangDu,MichaelCarl,andGraemeM.Bydder
APPENDIX: Seminal Articles Related tothe Developmentof
SusceptibilityWeighted Imaging 697
INDEX 717
Preface
Sinceitsinception,magneticresonanceimaginghasusedtissuepropertiessuchasT ,T ,
1 2
andspindensityfollowedbyflow,diffusioncharacteristics,lipidimaging,andspectros-
copyasthetechnologydevelopedtocreateimageswithextraordinarydetailofthebody
and brain;and this listcontinues to grow. Surprisingly, prior to susceptibility weighted
imagingorSWI,thebasicpropertyoftissuesusceptibilityhadnotbeenuseddirectly,but
rathertakenadvantageofthroughlocalT*effectsinmagnitudeimages.Theproblemwith
2
thisapproachisthatmanydifferentsourcescancauseT*signaldephasing.Thebasicfield
2
effectscreatedbysusceptibilityhavegenerallybeenrecognizedasasourceofartifacts
andtheusualfirstresponsewastoremovethem.However,suchfieldeffectscanbeusedto
separate types of materials such as calcium deposits, which are diamagnetic, from
microbleeds,whichareparamagnetic.Infact,thesefieldeffectswereusedintheoriginal
concept of susceptibility weighted imaging to better image small veins and to enhance
contrast in tissues.
Practically,thephaseinformationavailableinMRimagingcarriesalltheinformation
that is needed to reconstruct the local magnetic source or susceptibility difference
between tissues. Although SWI uses phase as a source of contrast, the more advanced
concept is to create a susceptibility map that can be used not only to differentiate
paramagnetic from diamagnetic substances but also to quantify the amount of a given
substance present that is causing the susceptibility difference, such as local iron
differences between tissues. In this book, we refer to the combination of SWI filtered
phaseandmagneticsusceptibilitymappingasSWIMforsusceptibilityweightedimaging
andmapping.TheworkonSWIshowedthesignificanceofphaseinenhancingcontrastin
tissuesandnowSWIMopensthedoortoquantifyingsusceptibilityintissues.Clinically,
SWI makes it possible to image microbleeds and veins more effectively, while SWIM
will provide the methods to quantify oxygen saturation and local iron content. These
techniques have or will find applications in neurovascular diseases, neurodegenerative
diseases, and iron-related diseases. Multi-echo SWI also offers a means to image the
ix
x PREFACE
entirevascularsystem,includingarteriesandveinsalike.Thefieldisstilldeveloping,and
therearehintsthatmajorroadblocksinthisareaarefalling,thankstotechnicaladvances
inmagnethomogeneity,gradientstrengths,andfasterimagingmethodssuchasparallel
imaging. For example, the need to accommodate or correct air/tissue interfaces is now
theoretically possible, high bandwidth imaging avoids geometric distortion, and multi-
echoimagingmayofferameanstoideallyphaseunwrapdataonapixelbypixelbasis.
ThisbookcontainsnearlyeveryaspectofSWI;however,anumberofnewdevelopments
andnewfindingsarebeingmadeatthetimethisbookwentintopublication.Asthesenew
concepts in the field of MRI evolve and develop, some of them may be ready for
incorporation into the next edition of the book.
The main aim of this book is to provide clinicians a detailed overview of the basic
conceptsandapplicationsrelatedtosusceptibilityweightedimaging.Thebookhasbeen
organized into three parts. In the first eight chapters, we introduce basic concepts that
includethedefinitionsandmechanismsofgradientechoimaging,phase,T*,andmulti-
2
echoimaging.Thiswillenablethereadertohaveanunderstandingofthebasicsofthe
terms used throughout the book. The next 12 chapters represent the current efforts in
clinicaltranslationalresearchusingSWI.Thesechapterscoverthebasicvenousstructures
in the brain followed by the application of SWI in several diseases, such as cancer,
traumaticbraininjury,vasculardementia,stroke,hemorrhage,multiplesclerosis,venous
malformations, Sturge–Weber syndrome, atherosclerosis, and calcifications in breast
cancer. The final 16 chapters cover a variety of technically more advanced concepts,
including susceptibility mapping (SWIM), oxygen saturation measurements, technical
developments,andanimalimaging,aswellasalistofreferencesrelatedtoSWIuptoearly
2010. Most of the images used in this book have been adapted from published journal
articles. Since most of thesewere either from Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(JMRI) or Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (MRM), both published by John Wiley &
SonsInc.,ablanketpermissionwasacquiredfortheiruseinthisbook.Acknowledgement
for the figures adapted from other publications are specifically mentioned in their
respective captions.
TheincreasingclinicalapplicationsofSWIwereourinspirationstowriteandproduce
this book. We believe its recent growth into SWIM and susceptibility mapping will
spearhead even more quantitative measures of iron and new applications ranging from
neurodegenerativediseasestohemochromatosis.Manycolleaguesaroundtheworldhave
madeeffortsindevelopingclinicalapplicationsofSWIandmany,ifnotmostofthem,have
contributed to this book. We acknowledge the contributions of these experts in the field.
Withouttheirenthusiasmandcontinuoussupport,includingnumerousmeetingsatvarious
conferences, this project would nothavebeen possible.
Weareindebtedtoallthosepeoplewhohelpedusinbringingoutthisbook,particularly
Alexander Boikov, Daniel Haacke, Lisa Hamm, and Judith Farah. Yongquan Ye helped
us with his technical expertise in refining several chapters. A very special thanks to
Jaladhar Neelavalli for his careful reading of the book, for his meticulous attention to
detail,andforcoordinatingthefinaleffortsthatmadeitpossibletogetthisbooktopress,ina
timely fashion. We acknowledge Wiley for taking on this project and for their expert
professional editorial support, particularly that of Dean Gonzalez, Kristen Parrish, and
Ms. Sanchari Sil. We are grateful to Thom Moore, editor at Wiley, for his patience and
enthusiasm in bringing out this book. A special thanks is due to the people at Siemens
HealthcareforhavingmadeSWIavailableasaproductfortheircustomers.Thiswasamajor
PREFACE xi
stepintakingthemethodologyintotheclinicaldomainand,inpart,isthereasonwhyso
manynewapplications are developingfor SWI now.Finally,wewouldliketothank our
familieswhoputupwiththeaddedresponsibilitiesduringourlonghoursofwork.Their
emotional support andpatience made thisbook possible.
E. MARK HAACKE
JU€RGENR. REICHENBACH