Surveying manual; a manual of field and office methods for the use of students in surveying

1915·10.4 MB·English

by  Pence, William David, 1865-

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME
FROM THE
SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND
THE GIFT OF
1891
1.3.p.5L..i(>.i i).nj.i>.
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031221 65
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
-CHAPTER I.—GENEEAL INSTRUCTIONS.
Page
Field Work 1
Care of Field Equipment 2
Field Notes 6
OfBce Work 12
CHAPTER II.—THE CHAIN AND TAPE.
Units of Measure 13
Linear Measuring Instruments 14
Use of Chain and Tape 16
Perpendiculars 17
Parallels 18
Angles 19
Location of Points 19
Location of Objects 31
The Line Surveys 21
Ranging in Lines 21
Signals 33
Stakes and Stake Driving 23
Problem A 1. Length of Pace 34
A 2. Distances by Pacing 34
A 3. Axemen and Flagmen Practice 34
A 4. Range Pole Practice 34
A 5. Standardizing Chain or Tape 36
A 6. Distances with Surveyors' Chain 36
A 7. Distances with Engineers' Chain 37
A 8. Distances with 100-foot Steel Tape 38
A 9. Horizontal Distance on Slope 38
AlO. Angles of Triangle with Tape 30
All. Survey of Field with Tape 30
A13. Area by Perpendiciilar Method 33
A13. Area by Three-Side Method 33
2 ix
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
X
Pago
A14. AreabyAngle Method 33
A15. Area from Plat 34
A16. Survey of Fieldwith Curved Boundary. 33
A17. Area of Fieldwith Curved Boundary. ... 33
A18. Area (of same) from Plat 36
A19. Passing an Obstacle with Tape 36
A30. Obstructed Distance with Tape 38
A31. Running in Curve with Tape 38
A33. Discussion of Errors of Chaining 40
A33. Testing Standard of Length 40
A34. Constants of Steel Tape 43
A35. Making a Standard Wire Tape 43
A36. Comparison of Chains andTapes 43
CHAPTER III.—THE COMPASS.
Types of Magnetic Compass 45
Declination of the Needle 46
Variation of the Declination 47
Local Attraction 48
The Vernier .' 49
Use of the Compass 49
Adjustments and Tests of Compass 50
Problem B 1. Declination of Needle 51
B 3. Angles of Triangle with Compass 52
B 3. Traverse of Field with Compass 53
B 4. Area of Field with Compass 54
B 5. Adjustment of Compass 56
B 6. Comparison of Compasses 56
CHAPTER IV.—THE LEVEL.
Types of Level ' 57
The Telescope 58
Line of Collimatioh 58
Objective 5S
Chromatic Aberration 58
Spherical Aberration 60
Eyepiece 60
Definition 61
Illumination 61
Aperture of Objective 61
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
xi
Page
Size of Field 61
Mag-nifying Power 61
Parallax 61
Cross-Hairs 63
The Bubble Vial 63
Leveling Eods 64
Use of tte Level 65
Differential Leveling 66
Profile Leveling 68
Eeciprocal Leveling , 68
Contour Leveling 69
Grade Lines 69
Cross-sectioning 69
Running Lines 70
Practical Hints 70
Adjustment ofWye Level 72
Adjustment of Dumpy Level 75
Problem C 1. Differential Leveling with Hand Level. . 76
C 3. Differential Leveling, Engineers' Level.. 77
C 3. Profile Leveling for Drain 77
C 4. Eailroad Profile Leveling 81
C 5. Vertical Curve 83
C 6. Establishing Grade Line : 83
C 7. Setting Slope Stakes ; 85
C 8. Calculation of Quantities 85
C 9. Staking Out a Borrow Pit 85
CIO. Levels for Street Paving 86
:
Cll. Coiitour Leveling 88
C13. Use of Contour Map 89
1
C13. Eeciprocal Leveling '. 89
C14. Delicacy of Bubble Vial 90
;
C15. Comparison of Level Telescopes 91
C16. Tests of Wye Level 91
C17. Adjustment of Wye Level 93
C18. Sketching Wye Level 93
C19. Tests of Dumpy Level 93
C20. Adjustment of Dumpy Level 93
C21. Sketching Dumpy Level 93
C33. Stretching Cross-Hairs 93
C33. Error of Setting Level Target 94
C34. Making a Leveling Rod 95
C35. Comparison of Engineers' Levels 95