Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology PDF
Preview Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology
Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Print ing Technology Edited by Mahendra K. Sharma Eastman Kodak Company Kingsport, Tennessee and F. J. Micale Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Llbrary af Con;rlU CIt,loglng-ln-Publleulan Ou, Fine Plrtlcl. Saclety SY~PO" UO an SurfiCI Phono •• n. oM Fini P'rtlel .. tn ~Iur-Dlud Cou,ng • •n O Prlntlng Technology 11ge9 Boston, M. ... I SurhcI phenounl lna f ,ni PIr, ,ci .. 'n " ur-b,ud COli tngl .nd prlnllng UChnalDQY I 101'"0 by M.ahenOr. ~. Shor .. ,nd F.J. Mlc,I •. p. CI. "Procteo,ng. of F,ne Plrticii SoCI'ty SYOPO$'UI on Surf.c. Phlno.,n, I nO Fine Plrtlcl" In ~atlr-DI$ld COlt Ing. Ind Prlnt,ng hChnOlog". helO "~gust 22-28. 1989, ,n B0$10n, MIS$,chuntU"--T.p. verse. Includn olollcgrlphlcll r efer.nn s Ina Index. ISBN 978-1-4613-6700-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-3812-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3812-7 1. PIPor cOlt'no.--Cangrann. 2. PrlntlnO-lnk--Congruu •. 3. SUrflel chulstrv--Congrnu.. 1. Shlr ... !1.hlnarl ~. II. Mlc. ll. F. J. 111. Fine ?r'lcl, Soc,tly. IV. Tltlt. TSl118.F5F54 1989 S20' .4~--ac20 91-1,1,8,0 2 Proceedings 'lf Fine Partide $ociely Symposium on Sur(Jce Phenomena ,nd Fine Parlides in Water"B'sed Coatings Ind Priming Te<:hnology, held Augusi 22-26, ]989, in Boslon, Massachusetts ISBN 978-1-4613-6700-0 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New Y'lrk Originlily published by Plenum Pres. in 199\ Softeo"cr rcprint of thc hardcOl"cr Ist edition 1991 AlI riglll$ reserved No p,n of Ih;s book may bo: reproduced, 510red in I n:lrievJl sY'lem, or Iransmilled ;n any form or by any mean$, eleclronic, mechanicJl, pholocopying, microfilming, n:cnrding, or olherwise, wilhoul wrinen pcrmission from Ihe Publisher PREFACE 'IHE CURRENT STATE OF 'IHE AID' of several aspects of water-based coatings and printing processes is presented in this voltnne. It documents the proceedings of the Intemationl Syrrposium on Surface RJ.enornena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Teclmology sponsored by the Fine Particle Society (FPS). '!his meeting was held in Boston, Massachusetts, August 21-25, 1989. '!he syrrp:>sium upon which this voltnne is based was organized in six sessions errphasizing various basic and applied areas of research on water-based technology. Major topics discussed involve surface phenomena in coatings, printing defects and their remedies, surface tension effects in water-based coatings and printing inks, surface energies of polymer substrates, wettability, aqueous polymeric film coating of pharmaceuticals, flexographic and gravure printing processes, characterization of coating materials, pigment dispersion, wax emulsions for surface modifications, and the role of polymer in particle/surface deposition. '!his edition includes the twenty four selected papers presented in the syrrp:>sium. '!hese papers are divided in three broad categories: (1) Water-Based Inks and Coatings, (2) Emulsions and Adhesion in Coatings, and (3) Characterization of Coating and Printing Materials. Several types of coating and printing on different substrates using water-based fonnulations with special reference to surface phenomena and particle technology are described in these sections. This proceedings vo1tnne includes discussions of various processes occuring at llIOlecular, microscopic, and macroscopic levels in water-based coatings and printing processes. We hope that this voltnne will serve its intended objective of reflecting our current understanding of fonnulation and process problems related to water-based coating and ink systems. In addition, it will be a valuable reference source for both novices as well as experts in the field of water-based technology. It will also help the readers to 1.U1derstand underlying surface phenomena and will enhance the reader's potential for solving critical fonnulation and process problems. We would like to =nvey our sincere thanks and appreciation to the chairmen of the sessions: Dr. D. Barr, Dr. P. D. Berger, Dr. G. J. O'Neill, Dr. R. M. RJdhajny, Professor S. N. Srivastava and Pofessor M. W. urt:xm. We wish to =nvey our thanks to the Fine Particle Society for the generous support that allaved me to invite many researchers from several =untries to participate in the syrrposium. We also would like to express our thanks and appreciation to Ms. Patricia M. Vann and to the Editorial Staff of the Plenum Publishing Corporation for their =ntinued interest in this project. v We are grateful to reviewers of the manuscripts for their time arrl efforts. We wish to corNey our sincere thanks arrl appreciation to all authors and coauthors for their contributions, enthusiasm and patience. One of us (MKS) would like to express his thanks to the appropriate management of the Eastman Chemical Conpany (ECC) for allowing him to participate in the organization of the syrrposium and to edit this proceedings volume. His special thanks are due to Mr. J. c. Martin (ECC) for his cooperation and urrlerstanding during the tenure of editing this proceedings volume. Finally, one of us (MKS) is grateful to his colleagues and friends for their assistance and encouragement throughout this project. Also MKS would like to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of his wife, Rama, in more ways than one, and extends his appreciation to his children (Amol and Anuj) for allowing him to spend many evenings and weekends working on this volume. M. K. Shama Research Laboratories Eastman Chemical Ccmq:lany Kingsport, 'IN 37660 F. J. Micale Zettlemoyer Center for Surface Studies Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA 18015 vi CONTENTS WATER-BASED INKS AND COATINGS Surface Phenomena in Coatings and Printing Technology................ 1 M.K. Sharma Surface Phenomena in Water-Based Flexo Inks for Printing on Polyethylene Films................................. ...... 27 R.W. Bassemir and R. Krishnan Water-Dispersible Polyester for Gravure Printing Inks: A New Technology............................................ 35 G.J. O'Neill Surface Tension Effects on the Adhesion and Drying of Water-Based Inks and Coatings............................... 41 R.M. Podhajny Hiding Power of Aluminum Pigments in Printing Ink Films.............. 59 G.M. Kern, F.J. Micale, D.P. Valenzuela, and J.S. Lavelle Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions for Film Coatings of Pharmaceutical Solid-Dosage Forms........................... 71 S.C. Porter Performance Characteristics of Water-Based Pharmaceutical Coating...................................... 95 M.K. Masih, J.L. McHan, and M.Z. Masih EMULSIONS AND ADHESION IN COATINGS Surface Property Modification via Wax Emulsions .....................• 109 P.M. Wiseman Moisture Permeability of Emulsion Paint Film with Microgel ........... 117 T. Yagi Alkyd Emulsions for High Gloss Paint Systems: Old Properties in New Particles............................. 129 A. Hofland and F.J. Schaap Emulsifying Efficiency versus Wettability and Adsorbability of Some Finely Divided Solids Having Agricultural and Pharmaceutical significances................................ 145 S.N. Srivastava vii Latex Characterization to Determine Adhesion Failure................ 167 P.J. Palackdharry High Temperature Inorganic Anti-Corrosive Coatings Using Organometallic Titanate and Zirconate Quat Blends (QB)..... 177 S.J. Monte and G. Sugerman Stabilization of Emulsions Using Styrene-Ethylene Oxide Block Copolymer............................................ 191 P. Bahadur CHARACTERIZATION OF COATING AND PRINTING MATERIALS Probing Exhudation of Surfactant Molecules in Latices by Surface FT-IR Spectroscopy.............................. 197 K.W. Evanson and M.W. Urban High Resolution Particle Size Analysis of Coating Materials......... 213 J.C. Thomas and D. Fairhurst Concepts on the Preparation of Particulate for Measurement by LIght- Scattering Particle Size Analyzer................. 225 P.E. Plantz Formation of Ultrafine Silver Halide Particles in Microemulsions Useful for Photographic Technology.......... 247 M.K. Sharma Electrokinetic and Optical Study of Ordered Polymer Colloid. . . . . . . . . . • . • . • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Y.P. Lee and F.J. Micale Microstructure of a Water Dispersible Polyester..................... 275 P.W. Raynolds The Dynamic Surface Properties of Surfactants....................... 283 P.D. Berger and C. Berger Wettability and Surface Energies of Polymer Substrates.............. 299 D. Kumar and S.N. Srivastava Particle-Surface Deposition in the Presence of Absorbed Polymer Layers............................................. 309 Th.F. Tadros, P. Warzynski, and M. Zembala Organic Pigments and Their Relationships to Aqueous Ink............. 325 G. Sonn Autor Index......................................................... 331 Subject Index....................................................... 333 viii SURFACE IJIEN<l1ENA IN o)ATINGS AND PRINTING TECliNOLCX;Y Mahen1ra K. Shama Easbnan <l1emical Conpany Kin;Jsport, 'IN 37662 '!his paper describes various aspects of water-based coatings and printing processes with special ~is on the surface characteristics of coating/printing films. '!he film formation depends significantly on the surface properties of formulated coating/ink, and their interactions with substrates. Several surface parameters in relation to coating defects are briefly described. '!he nechanisms of printing processes and coating/ink film formation by water-based systems are presented. It has been shown that the formation of surface tension gradient during film curing detennines the quality of the coating and printing films. Results demonstrate that the incorporation of suitable additives in the formulation can cx:msiderably minimize the crater formation. '!he hydroplilic-lipophilic balance (HLS) concept and the effect of surfactant concentration on pigment dispersion in an aqueous medium are discussed. An attempt was made to correlate the performance parameters of ink and coated film with the properties of the formulated coatings or inks containing various ingredients in order to obtain desired properties of the coating/printing films. INTROUJCI'ION Several possible methods such as solvent recovery, incineration, high solids coatings, reactive coating systems (e.g. UV curable, EV curable) and water-based coating and printing systems are available to COlWerters to COIll>ly with federal, state and local Environmental Protection Aqe.T'Cj (EPA) standards. Arrong these alternatives, it was difficult to estimate which COIll>liance method would be most effective and econcxnical for operating each plant. Each of these alternatives has various advantages and disadvantages, as well as needs finn commibnent from COlWerters in terms of time, !l1al1pCMer and capital for equipment 1OCldification. As a long-term COIll>liance strategy, many colWerters have decided to evaluate the water-based coating and printing systems. Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology Edited by M.K. Sharma and F.l. Micale, Plenum Press, New York, 1991 Water-based coating and printing systems have several advantages: cost effective, rerluce volatile organic c:x:tIp)l.lIrl (VOC) emissions, involve minimum use of and exposure to hazardous organic solvents , easily harrlled and perfonns well in certain applications. on the other harrl, the main disadvantages include: sla.v drying, foaming, machinability problem, stability of fonnulated coatings and printing inks and poor wetting of an::ljor adhesion to la.v surface energy substrates. rm-ing the past years, considerable p~_~ been made to overcome these problems employing water-based systems. Several water-based coating/printing fonnulations involve binder in the fonn of fine particles dispersed in the system. '!hese are often kna.vn as pseudolatex (e.g. colloidal dispersion). If binder employed in coating/printing fonnulations is present in the dispersion fonn, the mechanism of film fonnation is considerably different as carpared to film fonnation from binder in solution fonn. '!he pseudolatex particles must coalesce in order to fonn a continuous and smooth film. '!he mechanism of film fonnation from colloidal dispersion is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Most colloidal dispersions are milky in color due to large particle size carpared to rolecular solution (e.g. clear). In order to achieve desired coating/printing properties, the size of these particles must be rerluced to a significant extent, which can be obtained by adding plasticizer, suitable solvent as well as by curing at high temperature. one must consider these alternatives for coating/printing from water-based systems containing binder in the fonn of colloidal dispersion fonn. '!he studies published so far on water-based coating/printing systems often have little appreciation of the surface and interfacial aspects of Aqueous -_. ...... Dispersions ! Water Evaporation Closed Packing of Particles with Water-Filled Voids 9JWjJ1jJJl»)1Jft»J1 Surface 1 Polymer Deformation Water Evaporation ,/ Continuous Coating ~I------------------------~ Rim 7/77/7/7/7//7///7/7//7 Surface Fig. 1. Mechanism of Film Fonnation from Aqueous Dispersions of Polymer. 2 the Iilen<:JIlEl1a involved durin:J these processes. It is, therefore, the pnpose of this article to describe these med1anisms in terns of surface chemistry, which hopefully will lead to nore neanirqful arx:l. successful coatin:J/ink formulations arx:l. coatin:J/printin:J processes. An attenpt was also made to describe various surface arx:l. colloidal pararreters arx:l. their role in the stability of formulated coatin:J/ink, coatin3/printin3 processes arx:l. perfonranoe of coated/printed films. EXPERIMENI'AL surface Tension (Yl 'Ihe surface tension of several liquids used as a solvent in canbination with water in coatin:J~~formulations was measured with a Wilhelmy Plate/D.lNouy ring method ' at an ambient terrperature. 'Ihe platinum plate an:l/or platinum rin:J were cleaned by exposing to the flame of a amsen burner before use. Each measurement was repeated until three consistent values were obtained. Contact Angle (81 arx:l. Wettability 'Ihe wettability of a coating/printing substrate was examined by measuring contact angle of liquids or formulated coatingjink. A constant volume of liquid was drawn using a micraneter syrin:Je for the fornation of a drop on the solid coatin:J/printin:J ~te, and the contact angle was measured with a contact angle gonianeter fram Rame-Hart, Inc., Mountain Lake, New Jersey, U.S.A. 'Ihe apparatus was calibrated before use with distilled water, which has a contact angle of 108 degrees on a clean arx:l. dry Teflon (tetrafluoroethylene) surface. A drop of the solv enti ink was placed on the desired coatin:J/printin:J surface. Horizontal arx:l. vertical cross wires were adjusted ac:x::onling to the drop size, arx:l. the contact angle was detennined directly fram a circular graduated dial. 'Ihe contact angle was also recorded fram the opposite side of the drop, arx:l. the average of both readin:Js is reported. 'Ihe polar, nonpolar arx:l. total surface energies of the substrates were evaluated by measurm:r4contact angle of water and methylene iodide as described previously. surface Characterization Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to analyze arx:l. determine the surface <XIlpOSition of the corona treated arx:l. untreated polymer substrates. 'Ihese studies were corrlucted by usin:J Perkin-Elmer i.nstnIment. 'Ihe ESCA analyses provide the types of carl:x:>n-oxygen functionalities present at the surface of the polymer substrates. It can also detennine the atanic percent of the elements on the surface, as well as the conoentration of these elements as a function of depth into the surface of the coatin:J/printin:J polymer substrates. EValuation of Coating/Printing Perfonranoe Several selected techniques e!ll>loyed to characterize the coatin:J/ink films fonood on various substrates are described as follows: Microscopic studies. In order to examine the coatin:J/printin:J defects, various Iilotanicrogra{:ils were taken with the help of a camera attached to the microscope. 'Ihe pictures were taken at different 3
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