Surface and interface science. Volume 4, Solid-solid interfaces and thin films PDF
Preview Surface and interface science. Volume 4, Solid-solid interfaces and thin films
Editedby KlausWandelt SurfaceandInterfaceScience SurfaceandInterfaceScience EditedbyKlausWandelt Volume1:ConceptsandMethods Volume2:PropertiesofElementalSurfaces ISBN978-3-527-41156-6 Volume3:PropertiesofCompositeSurfaces:Alloys,Compounds,Semiconductors Volume4:Solid-SolidInterfacesandThinFilms ISBN978-3-527-41157-3 Volume5:Solid-GasInterfacesI Volume6:Solid-GasInterfacesII ISBN978-3-527-41158-0 Volume7:Solid-LiquidandBiologicalInterfaces Volume8:ApplicationsofSurfaceScience ISBN978-3-527-41159-7 Edited by Klaus Wandelt Surface and Interface Science Volume 4: Solid-Solid Interfaces and Thin Films TheEditor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare Prof.Dr.KlausWandelt carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors, UniversityofBonn editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe InstituteforPhysicaland informationcontainedinthesebooks, TheoreticalChemistry includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors. [email protected] Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat statements,data,illustrations,procedural CoverPicture: detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybe DesignbyKlausWandeltand inaccurate. SpieszDesign,Neu-Ulm PicturesbyH.Gao,J.Mao,andY.Wang LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe DeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek liststhispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic dataareavailableontheInternetat <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2014Wiley-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA, Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopart ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,orany othermeans–nortransmittedortranslated intoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registered names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook, evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch, arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. CoverDesign Grafik-DesignSchulz, Fußgo¨nheim Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLimited, Chennai,India Printing StraussGmbH,Mo¨rlenbach PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany Printedonacid-freepaper PrintISBN:978-3-527-41157-3 oBookISBN:978-3-527-68056-6 V Contents Volume3 Preface XIII TheEditor XV ListofContributors XVII Abbreviations XXIII 11 SurfacePropertiesofAlloys 1 TobiasC.KerscherandStefanMu¨ller 12 PropertiesofSurfaceAlloys 61 HarryHoster 13 SurfacesofCompoundSemiconductors 101 PatrickVogtandNorbertEsser 14 PhysicalPropertiesofSurfaceSilicides 177 E.G.Michel 15 PropertiesofOxideSurfaces 229 MartinSterrerandHans-JoachimFreund 16 SurfacesofSimpleIonicCrystals 279 AnnemariePucci,JochenVogt,HelmutWeiß, andMichaelReichling 17 SurfacesofIce 305 YoshinoriFurukawa,GenSazaki,andHirokiNada 18 SurfacesofQuasicrystalsandComplexMetallicAlloys 349 PatriciaA.ThielandRonanMcGrath VI Contents 19 SurfacesofAmorphousMaterials 383 EnricoBarlettaandKlausWandelt Volume4 20 EpitaxialGrowthofThinFilms 421 HaraldBrune 20.1 Introduction 422 20.1.1 TechnologicalApplicationsofEpitaxialThinFilms 422 20.1.2 EpitaxialThinFilmVersusCrystalGrowth 424 20.2 DepositionTechniques 425 20.2.1 PhysicalVaporDeposition 426 20.2.2 ChemicalVaporDeposition 427 20.2.3 AtomicLayerDeposition 429 20.2.4 ElectrochemicalDeposition 430 20.3 GrowthModes 431 20.4 Nucleation 435 20.4.1 AtomicProcesses 435 20.4.2 HomogeneousNucleation 438 20.4.3 NucleationinthePresenceofLong-RangeInteractions 442 20.4.4 HeterogeneousNucleation 446 20.5 IslandShapes 449 20.5.1 Fractals 450 20.5.2 CompactAdatomandVacancyIslands 455 20.6 CoarseningofMonolayerIslands 457 20.6.1 TheOstwaldRipening 458 20.6.2 TheSmoluchowskiRipening 463 20.7 GrowthMorphologies 465 20.7.1 GrowthOscillations 465 20.7.2 ‘‘WeddingCakes’’ 467 20.8 GrowthManipulation 468 20.8.1 Layer-DependentAdatomMobilities 469 20.8.2 Surfactants 470 20.8.3 PeriodicIonBombardment 475 FurtherReading 477 Acknowledgments 478 References 478 21 QuantumWellStatesinMetallicFilms,Wires,andDots 493 PetarPervan,MiloradMilun,andRadovanBrako 21.1 Introduction 493 21.1.1 CriticalDimensions 494 21.1.1.1 DiscretizationandTemperature 496 21.1.2 SpatialEffectsofEnergyDiscretization 497 Contents VII 21.1.3 MomentumofDiscreteStates 498 21.2 TheTypesofMetallicQuantumWells 499 21.2.1 2DQuantumWells–UltrathinFilms 500 21.2.1.1 MultilayerUltrathinFilms 500 21.2.1.2 Single-LayerUltrathinFilms 501 21.2.2 1DQuantumWellNanowires 501 21.2.2.1 Nanostripes 502 21.2.2.2 MonoatomicWires 502 21.2.2.3 AtomicChains 503 21.2.3 0DQuantumWells–Nanodots 504 21.3 ElectronicPropertiesofQuantumWells–Dimensional Aspects 504 21.3.1 3DMetals–Free-Electron-LikeMetals 504 21.3.2 2DQuantumWells;UltrathinFilms 505 21.3.3 1DQuantumWells;Nanowires 513 21.3.4 0DQuantumWells;Nanodots 517 21.4 QuantumWellPotentials 518 21.4.1 InfiniteversusFinitePotentialWells 519 21.4.2 InterfaceBarrier–EnergyGap 521 21.4.3 InterfaceBarrier–SymmetryGap 523 21.4.3.1 HybridizationEffects 526 21.4.4 VacuumBarrier–ImagePotential 528 21.4.5 PeriodicPotential 529 21.4.5.1 SpectroscopicEffects 530 21.5 ModelingofQuantumWells 532 21.5.1 PhaseAccumulationModel(PAM) 532 21.5.2 TheFabry–PerotModel 536 21.5.3 DensityFunctionalTheory 538 21.6 ConcludingRemarks 541 References 541 22 Thin-FilmMagnetism 545 RolfAllenspach 22.1 Introduction 545 22.2 OscillatoryInterlayerExchange 547 22.2.1 ABriefHistoryofInterlayerExchangeCoupling 547 22.2.2 ExperimentalApproaches 548 22.2.3 SpacerMaterials,Periods,andCouplingStrengths 550 22.2.4 QuantumWellStates 552 22.3 MagneticAnisotropyinFilms 555 22.3.1 TheConceptofSurfaceAnisotropy 556 22.3.2 SpinReorientation 559 22.3.3 Anisotropies:2Dversus1D 562 22.3.4 AnisotropiesInducedbyQuantumWellStates 567 22.3.5 InterfaceAnisotropyApplied:ExchangeBias 569 VIII Contents 22.4 MagneticDomainsandDomainWalls 571 22.4.1 MagnetizationPatternsinUltrathinFilms 572 22.4.2 MagneticDomainWallsinUltrathinFilms 574 22.4.3 DomainWallMotion:theInfluenceofInterfacesandEdges 577 References 578 23 UltrathinOxideFilms 585 GaetanoGranozziandStefanoAgnoli 23.1 Introduction 585 23.1.1 AnHistoricalOverviewonThinFilmScience 585 23.1.2 DefinitionoftheSelvedgeandoftheDifferentDepthRegimes 586 23.1.3 GeneralConceptsRegardingthePreparationandCharacterization ofThinFilms 587 23.1.3.1 ThinFilmPreparation 587 23.1.3.2 ThinFilmCharacterization 589 23.1.4 TheScopeofThisChapter 590 23.2 OxideUltrathinFilms:GeneralConsiderations 592 23.2.1 WhyUltrathinOxideFilms? 592 23.2.2 PreparativeAspects 593 23.2.2.1 SurfaceOxidation(SO)oftheSubstrate 594 23.2.2.2 FilmDepositionandPostdepositionTreatments 596 23.2.3 PhysicochemicalAspectsofInterfaceswithOxides 597 23.2.3.1 EquilibriumStructureandChemistryofaGenericInterface 597 23.2.3.2 PeculiaritiesofInterfacesInvolvingOxides 598 23.3 OxideFilmsonMetalSubstrates 599 23.3.1 SpecificAspectsoftheOxide/MetalInterface 599 23.3.2 CaseStudies 602 23.3.2.1 Rock-Salt-LikeOxidesonDifferentMetals:theRoleofStrain 602 23.3.2.2 VariableValenceOxidesonDifferentMetals:theRoleofOxygen ChemicalPotential 608 23.3.2.3 Al O FilmsonMetalAlloys:theRoleofTemperatureand 2 3 Kinetics 614 23.4 OxideFilmsonOxideSubstrates 618 23.4.1 SpecificAspectsoftheOxide/OxideInterface 618 23.4.2 CaseStudies 621 23.4.2.1 Rock-Salt-LikeOxides:theSimpleCube-On-CubeEpitaxy 621 23.4.2.2 VariableValenceOxides:AccommodatingDifferentLattices 623 References 635 24 FromOrderedtoVitreousOxideFilms 641 MarkusHeyde,GeorgH.Simon,andLeonidLichtenstein 24.1 Introduction 641 24.2 Experiment 642 24.3 PointDefectsinMagnesia 645 24.3.1 PristineMagnesiaFilms 646 Contents IX 24.3.2 ColorCentersinMagnesia 647 24.3.3 AssignmentofColorCenters 649 24.4 LineDefectsinAlumina 652 24.4.1 AluminaFilmonNiAl(110) 653 24.4.2 AtomicSitesintheSurfaceUnitCell 655 24.4.3 AtomicArrangementinDefectNetworks 659 24.4.3.1 ExplainingAPDBStructuresandTheirJunctions 660 24.4.4 ComplexDomainBoundaryNetwork 663 24.4.5 SpectroscopyAcrossExtendedLineDefects 667 24.5 AtomicStructureofaThinVitreousSilicaFilm 668 24.5.1 AssignmentofAtomicPositions 669 24.5.1.1 RangeI:TheStructuralUnit 671 24.5.1.2 RangeII:InterconnectionofAdjacentStructuralUnits 671 24.5.1.3 RangeIII:NetworkTopology 675 24.5.1.4 RangeIV:Longer-RangeDensityFluctuations 680 24.6 ConcludingRemarksandOutlook 681 Acknowledgments 682 References 683 25 GrapheneonCrystallineMetalSurfaces 691 Ye-LiangWang,Hai-MingGuo,andHong-JunGao 25.1 Introduction 691 25.1.1 ANewMemberintheCarbonFamily–Graphene 691 25.1.2 UniquePropertiesandApplicationPotentialsofGraphene 692 25.1.3 ExploringofFabricationMethodsofGraphene 694 25.2 Millimeter-Scale,HighlyOrdered,Single-CrystallineGraphene onRu(0001) 696 25.3 EpitaxialGrowthandStructuralPropertiesofGrapheneon Pt(111) 702 25.4 ElectronicStructureandQuantumPropertiesofGrapheneon Ru(0001) 710 25.5 InterfacialPropertiesofEpitaxialGrapheneonMetalSubstrates 718 25.6 GrapheneMoire´TemplatefortheFormationofMonodisperse PtNanoclusters 724 25.7 ConclusionsandOutlook 729 Acknowledgments 731 References 731 26 MolecularOrganicFilms 737 MoritzSokolowski 26.1 IntroductionandOutlineofThisChapter 737 26.2 TechnologicalandScientificMotivation 739 26.2.1 TechnologicalMotivation 739 26.2.2 ScientificMotivation 741 26.3 GeneralOutlineofanOMBDExperiment 742 X Contents 26.3.1 TheOMBDPreparationChamber 742 26.3.2 MaterialsUsedforOMBD 744 26.3.2.1 MolecularMaterials 744 26.3.2.2 SubstrateMaterials 749 26.4 HistoricBackground 751 26.5 StructuralRelations 753 26.5.1 TheGeneralGrowthScenarios 753 26.5.2 DefinitionoftheDifferentTypesofStructuralRelation 754 26.5.3 SomeExperimentalRemarks 759 26.6 EnergeticConsiderations 761 26.6.1 TheNatureoftheBondingattheInterface 761 26.6.2 AspectsofMolecularOrientationandIntermolecular Interaction 766 26.6.3 SomeRemarksonQuantitativeValuesofEnergies 767 26.6.4 LatticeSums 769 26.6.5 LayerGrowthandStrainRelief 770 26.7 TheGrowthMorphology 772 26.7.1 SomeMethodicAspects 772 26.7.2 GeneralGrowthMorphologies 773 26.7.3 RougheningandKineticAspects 775 26.8 Summary 777 Acknowledgments 777 References 777 27 MagneticClustersonSurfaces 785 TimofeyBalashovandWulfWulfhekel 27.1 Introduction 785 27.2 3DClustersonSurfaces 787 27.2.1 SynthesisandDepositionofMetallicClusters 787 27.2.2 MagneticPropertiesofSmallClusters 788 27.2.3 Surface-InducedMagneticPropertiesofClusters 790 27.2.3.1 Hybridization 790 27.2.3.2 ChangeinClusterGeometryonSurface 790 27.2.3.3 AlloyFormation 792 27.2.3.4 Cluster–clusterInteractions 792 27.3 Two-DimensionalMagnets 792 27.3.1 EdgeVersusCoreAnisotropy 793 27.3.2 ExperimentalObservationofSingleIslands 799 27.3.3 Stacking2DStructures 799 27.4 SingleAtomsandFew-AtomClusters 801 27.4.1 OriginsoftheAnisotropy 802 27.4.2 TheQuantumMechanicalModel 803 27.4.3 DynamicPropertiesofAtoms 806 27.4.4 InteractionsBetweenAtoms 808 27.4.5 OnaWaytoSingle-atomicMagneticBits 808
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