Superstrings and Other Things: A Guide to Physics PDF
Preview Superstrings and Other Things: A Guide to Physics
Superstrings and Other Things . Taylor & Francis ( Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Superstrings and Other Things A Guide to Physics Third Edition Carlos I. Calle Third edition published 2020 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC First edition published by Institute of Physics 2001 Second edition published by CRC Press 2009 CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Calle, Carlos I., author. Title: Superstrings and other things : a guide to physics / Carlos I. Calle. Description: Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019059102 | ISBN 9781138364882 (paperback) | ISBN 9781138364929 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429431029 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Physics. | Physical scientists. | Discoveries in science. Classification: LCC QC21.3.C35 2020 | DDC 530—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019059102 ISBN: 978-1-138-36492-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-36488-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-43102-9 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra To Dr. Luz Marina Calle, fellow NASA scientist and wife, and to our son Daniel. . Taylor & Francis ( Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xvii Author .............................................................................................................................................xix Part I Introductory Concepts Chapter 1 Physics: The Fundamental Science ..............................................................................3 What Is Physics? ...........................................................................................................3 The Scientific Method: Learning from Our Mistakes .................................................6 Physics and Other Sciences ..........................................................................................7 Sizes of Things: Measurement .....................................................................................9 Fundamental Units .....................................................................................................11 Physics and Mathematics ...........................................................................................12 Questions ....................................................................................................................15 References ..................................................................................................................16 Part II the Laws of Mechanics Chapter 2 The Description of Motion .........................................................................................19 Understanding Motion ................................................................................................19 Uniform Motion .........................................................................................................19 Average Speed ............................................................................................................20 Instantaneous Speed ...................................................................................................22 Velocity: Speed and Direction....................................................................................23 Vectors ........................................................................................................................23 Acceleration ................................................................................................................25 Uniformly Accelerated Motion ..................................................................................26 Falling Bodies ............................................................................................................26 The Motion of Projectiles ...........................................................................................29 Questions ....................................................................................................................30 Reference ....................................................................................................................30 Chapter 3 The Laws of Mechanics: Newton’s Laws of Motion ..................................................31 The Concept of Force .................................................................................................31 The Ancient Idea of Motion .......................................................................................31 The Birth of Modern Science .....................................................................................32 Galileo Formulates the Law of Inertia .......................................................................34 Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia ....................................................................35 Newton’s Second Law: The Law of Force .................................................................38 Newton’s Third Law: The Law of Action and Reaction ............................................40 Questions ....................................................................................................................42 References ..................................................................................................................43 vii viii Contents Chapter 4 Energy ........................................................................................................................45 What Is Energy? .........................................................................................................45 The Concept of Work .................................................................................................45 Units of Work and Energy ..........................................................................................47 The Concept of Energy ..............................................................................................47 Energy of Motion .......................................................................................................48 Energy of Position ......................................................................................................49 Elastic Potential Energy .............................................................................................51 The Work–Energy Theorem .......................................................................................52 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces.................................................................53 Questions ....................................................................................................................54 Reference ....................................................................................................................54 Chapter 5 Conservation of Energy and Momentum ...................................................................55 Transformation of Energy ..........................................................................................55 The Principle of Conservation of Energy ...................................................................56 The Energy of Mass ...................................................................................................57 Efficiency ....................................................................................................................58 Power ..........................................................................................................................59 Impulse and Momentum ............................................................................................61 Conservation of Momentum .......................................................................................63 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions ..................................................................................65 Cannons and Rockets .................................................................................................66 Questions ....................................................................................................................67 Chapter 6 Rotation and the Universal Law of Gravitation .........................................................69 Rotational Motion .......................................................................................................69 Torque and Angular Momentum ................................................................................71 Centripetal Acceleration .............................................................................................76 Satellites .....................................................................................................................77 Origins of Our View of the Universe .........................................................................78 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion ............................................................................79 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation .....................................................................82 Spacecraft and Orbital Motion ...................................................................................87 Questions ....................................................................................................................90 References ..................................................................................................................90 Part III the Structure of Matter Chapter 7 Atoms: Building Blocks of the Universe ....................................................................93 The Underlying Structure of Matter ...........................................................................93 The Atomic Hypothesis ..............................................................................................93 Early Concept of the Atom .........................................................................................93 First Models of the Atom ...........................................................................................95 Waves and Quanta ......................................................................................................98 Contents ix The Bohr Model of the Atom ...................................................................................100 Compounds ...............................................................................................................101 Questions ..................................................................................................................103 References ................................................................................................................104 Chapter 8 The Heart of the Atom: The Nucleus .......................................................................105 Raw Material: Protons and Neutrons .......................................................................105 The Composition of the Nucleus ..............................................................................106 The Glue That Keeps the Nucleus Together .............................................................107 Size and Shape of the Nucleus .................................................................................110 Nuclear Energy Levels .............................................................................................111 Questions ..................................................................................................................112 References ................................................................................................................112 Chapter 9 Fluids ........................................................................................................................113 States of Matter ........................................................................................................113 Density......................................................................................................................113 Pressure ....................................................................................................................115 Atmospheric Pressure ...............................................................................................116 Pressure in a Liquid ..................................................................................................118 Buoyancy ..................................................................................................................120 Surface Tension and Capillarity ...............................................................................123 Fluids in Motion .......................................................................................................126 The Human Cardiovascular System .........................................................................129 Questions ..................................................................................................................132 Reference ..................................................................................................................132 Part IV thermodynamics Chapter 10 Heat and Temperature ..............................................................................................135 Heat as a Form of Energy .........................................................................................135 Measuring Temperature ...........................................................................................137 Temperature and Heat ..............................................................................................139 Heat Capacity ...........................................................................................................141 Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization .................................................................142 Evaporation and Boiling ...........................................................................................144 Humidity ..................................................................................................................146 Thermal Expansion ..................................................................................................147 The Unusual Expansion of Water .............................................................................148 Questions ..................................................................................................................150 References ................................................................................................................150 Chapter 11 The Laws of Thermodynamics ................................................................................151 The Four Laws of Thermodynamics ........................................................................151 The Ideal Gas Law ...................................................................................................151 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ......................................................................153
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