Succeeding in the Frcr Part 1 Exam Essential Revision Notes and over 1000 Practice Mcq's (Developmedica)

262 Pages·2009·1.48 MB·English

by  Bhogal

Contents
Cover 1
Front Matter 3
Chapter 1 - Basic atomic structure, radioactive decay 12
Chapter 2 - Production of X-rays 32
Chapter 3 - X-ray interactions 58
Chapter 4 - Film-screen radiography 73
Chapter 5 - Factors affecting the radiological image 88
Chapter 6 - Image intensifiers and fluoroscopy 103
Chapter 7 - Mammography 113
Chapter 8 - Special radiographic techniques 124
Chapter 9 - Gamma imaging 127
Chapter 10 - Digital radiology 146
Chapter 11 - Computed tomography 155
Chapter 12 - Radiation detectors 162
Chapter 13 - Radiation hazards and protection 173
Chapter 14 - MRI 199
Chapter 15 - Ultrasound physics 232
References 254
Also Available 255
Published by Developmedica 2009
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© 2009 Developmedica
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All rights reserved. Purchasers of this book are instructed that they can only
use this guide for the purpose of improving their knowledge and revising for
the FRCR Part 1 Exam and are prohibited from redistributing this book or
any part thereof. This book cannot be reproduced in full or in part without the
express written permission of Developmedica. Developmedica recommends
that you consult the Royal College of Radiologists website for information
and guidance on how to sit your FRCR Part 1 Examination. The views
expressed in this book are those of Developmedica and not those of the Royal
College of Radiologists. Developmedica is in no way associated with the
Royal College of Radiologists.
The contents of this book are intended as a guide only and although every
effort has been made to ensure that the contents of this book are correct,
Developmedica cannot be held responsible for the outcome of any loss or
damage that results from the use of this guide. Readers are advised to seek
independent advice regarding completing the FRCR Part 1 Examination.
Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of any material
reproduced within this publication. If any have been inadvertently overlooked,
the publishers will be pleased to make restitution at the earliest opportunity.
Succeeding in the FRCR
Part 1 Exam:
Essential revision notes and
over 1000 practice MCQs
Pervinder Bhogal, Thomas Conner,
Guarrang Bhatnagar & Habir Sidhu
Edited by Anmol Malhotra
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Dedication
To our friends and families for all their love and support
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About the editor
Anmol Malhotra
Anmol completed his radiology training at Barts and the London NHS
Trust in February 2005 and spent time as an observer in MRI imaging at
Memorial Sloan-Kettering, New York. Anmol now works as a consultant
at the Royal Free Hospital in London.
About the authors
Dr Pervinder Bhogal
Pervinder trained at Royal Free and University College London Medical
School and graduated in 2004. After university he passed his MRCS Exam
and is currently studying for a Masters Degree in Medical Education. He
entered Radiology training in 2007 and passed his FRCR Part 1 on the
fi rst attempt.
Thomas Conner
Thomas gained a 1st Class Honours degree in Anatomy and Developmental
Biology and graduated in Medicine from University College London in
2004. He is currently a Radiology Registrar on the Royal Free Hospital
radiology rotation. He is interested in academic radiology.
Gaurrang Bhatnagar
Gaurrang is a Radiology Registrar on the Peninsula training scheme. He
moved to the South West in 2008 after completing basic surgical training
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viii About the Editor
in London. A fi rm believer in the statement “he’s a doctor not a physicist”
(Dr Leonard ‘Bones’ McCoy, Star Trek) he found question books such as
this one the ideal way to revise for the FRCR Part I.
Harbir Sidhu
Habir graduated from University College London Medical School in
2004. After undertaking basic surgical training in the Yorkshire deanery,
he moved to the Southwest. He is currently working in the Peninsula
training scheme as a Radiology Registrar.
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List of contributors
Yen Zhi Tang
Radiology Registrar
Royal Free Radiology Rotation
Ynyr Hughes-Roberts
Radiology Registrar
Cambridge University Hospital Radiology Rotation
About the publisher
Developmedica is a specialist provider of books, courses and eLearning
solutions tailored to meet your career development needs. Visit our web
site at www.developmedica.com and fi nd out more.
Our approach is friendly and we have time for individuals. Phone or
email and let us know your requirements.
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Abbreviations
ARSAC Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory
Committee
Bq Becquerel (disintegrations/second)
c Speed of light ( 3 ¥ 108m/s)
C Coulomb
CTDI Computed Tomography Dose Index
DAP Dose Area Product (Gy cm2)
DRL Diagnostic Reference Level
eV Electron volt (1 eV = 1.6 ¥ 10–19 joules)
f Frequency
FFD Focus Film Distance
Gy Gray
H Planck’s constant (6.626 ¥ 10–34 Js)
HVL Half Value Layer
HSE Health and Safety Executive
IRR 1999 Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999
IRMER Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations
2000
kVp Peak electrical potential across an X-ray tube
LAC Linear Attenuation Co-effi cient
lp/mm Line pairs per millimeter
mA Milliamperes
mAs Milliampere – seconds
MTF Modulation Transfer Function
SI Systeme Internationale
Sv Sievert – the unit of effective dose and equivalent dose
Z Atomic Number
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Preface
The FRCR Part 1 Examination for the Fellowship of the Royal College of
Radiologists is the fi rst in a series of examinations that radiology registrars
must undertake in order to gain membership to the College.
This book is a comprehensive, all-in-one revision guide for candidates.
Comprising over a thousand Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) which
test the exact topics on which candidates are examined, the authors also
explain the answers to each question in depth, introducing additional detail
so as to cover every subject fully and ensure your success.
We therefore offer you the opportunity to test yourself using questions
structured to refl ect those in the real examination, and at the same time
bring your knowledge up to the required level. Our intention is that by
careful revision using this book alone, you will be equipped to pass what
is for many a daunting examination.
We offer up-to-date questions to keep abreast of developments in CT,
MRI and Nuclear Medicine, and with sections on MRI and Ultrasound
physics we address challenging new topics recently introduced into the
examination.
As well as FRCR Part 1 candidates, we believe that this book will be
extremely useful for the following readership:
∑ Radiologists sitting FRCR Part 2b, for which physics knowledge is
again required
∑ Foundation Year doctors interested in applying for radiology
∑ Radiographers undertaking training.
∑ Outside of the UK, graduates undergoing radiology training
We hope you will fi nd this book easy to use and essential to your
preparation.
Good luck in your studies!
Dr Anmol Malhotra
Consultant Radiologist
Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust
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