Substance Use Disorders From Etiology to Treatment PDF
Preview Substance Use Disorders From Etiology to Treatment
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 258 Michael A. Nader Yasmin L. Hurd Editors Substance Use Disorders From Etiology to Treatment Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 258 Editor-in-Chief JamesE.Barrett,Philadelphia EditorialBoard VeitFlockerzi,Homburg MichaelA.Frohman,StonyBrook PierangeloGeppetti,Florence FranzB.Hofmann,München MartinC.Michel,Mainz CliveP.Page,London WalterRosenthal,Jena KeWeiWang,Qingdao TheHandbookofExperimentalPharmacologyisoneofthemostauthoritativeand influential book series in pharmacology. It provides critical and comprehensive discussions of the most significant areas of pharmacological research, written by leading international authorities. Each volume in the series represents the most informative and contemporary account of its subject available, making it an unri- valledreferencesource. HEPisindexedinPubMedandScopus. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/164 (cid:129) Michael A. Nader Yasmin L. Hurd Editors Substance Use Disorders From Etiology to Treatment Editors MichaelA.Nader YasminL.Hurd WakeForestSchoolofMedicine AddictionInstituteofMountSinai Winston-Salem,NC,USA IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai NewYork,NY,USA ISSN0171-2004 ISSN1865-0325 (electronic) HandbookofExperimentalPharmacology ISBN978-3-030-33678-3 ISBN978-3-030-33679-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33679-0 #SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Drugabusecontinuestobeamajorpublichealthproblemworldwidecontributingto extensivemorbidityandmortalitythathavetremendouseconomicandhumancosts. Many Western countries have seen a dramatic increase in the use of opioid drugs where,forexample,intheUSAtheuseofbothprescriptionandillicitopioidshave contributed to the death of over 300,000 people in the past decade (Center for Disease Control 2018). Many communities are now experiencing a new wave of cocaineandotherstimulantuseaswellastheemergenceofsyntheticdrugs.While muchattentionisgiventoillegaldrugs,thetwoprominentlegalsubstances,tobacco andalcohol,continuetoexertthebiggestthreattohumanhealthworldwidewithan estimated143.7deathsper100,000peopleperyear(Peacocketal.2018).Another drug that now straddles the legal and illegal markets is cannabis where dramatic sociopolitical changes in many countries have led to the legalization of medicinal and recreational cannabis. The societal and health consequences of these policy changesarestillunknown,butwhatisclearisthatsimilartootherdrugs,cannabis canleadtoapathologicalusedisorderforwhichtherearelimitedtreatmentoptions. Disturbingly, there are today still few available treatments for substance use disorders(SUDs).Thegrowinguseofdrugscombinedwiththelow-riskperception of the harm of these substances in societyhas raised significant alarm and brought renewedawarenessofthecriticalneedforadvancedknowledgeabouttheeffectsof these psychoactive drugs on the brain that can guide the development of much needednewtreatmentstrategiestosavelives. The primary problem facing clinicians treating individuals with SUD is relapse (O’Brien and Anthony 2005). In fact, relapse rates have remained unchanged over thelast40years(Dongetal.2017).Ithasbeennoted(HumphreysandBickel2018) thattherearecommon neuroadaptationsacrossSUDs, buttherearestillsignificant gapsofknowledgeabouthowthesecommonneuralpathwaysandcircuitscontribute torelapsevulnerability, aswell aswhetherandhowtheyrecover duringlong-term abstinence. There is also a wide range of individual differences in behavioral and neurobiological responses to chronic drug abuse; these differences manifest them- selves during recovery attempts, with some people having a greater ability to maintain abstinence than others. Clearly, more research is needed to understand theseindividualdifferencesinattemptstodevelopapersonalizedtreatmentstrategy forSUDs. v vi Preface The goal of this volume is to describe innovative basic science and clinical research focused on various drugs of abuse given their critical impact in many communities today. The first three chapters provide overviews of research techniques: population-based research, molecular techniques, and small-molecule chemistry.Theremainingchaptersfocuson(1)molecularmechanisms,(2)preclini- cal behavioral pharmacology, and (3) clinical pharmacology for opioids (mu and kappareceptor),stimulants(cocaineandamphetamines),marijuana,nicotine,alco- hol, and newly emerging substances of abuse. Together, these chapters bridge preclinical and clinical behavioral pharmacology in expanding knowledge about thecurrentstateofthefield. Somehighlightsfromthisvolume: (cid:129) Recentadvancesindevelopingnovelopioidanalgesicsfromanunderstandingof mureceptorstructureandfunction,includingthestudyofbiasedagonists; (cid:129) Drugs acting at mu opioid receptors, including abused opioids, can vary on a number of dimensions, including pharmacological efficacy, drug-receptor interactions,receptorselectivity,andpharmacokinetics;thesedifferencesimpact thebehavioraleffectsofdrugsactingatmuopioidreceptors; (cid:129) IndividualdifferencesareahallmarkofSUD.Infact,mostpeoplethattrydrugs do not become dependent on them. The neurobiological and genetic underpinningsofindividualdifferencesinvulnerabilityarediscussed; (cid:129) In individuals with SUDs, epigenetic molecular adaptations (DNA modification to increase or decrease the probability of gene expression) underlie persistent drug-seekingbehavior; (cid:129) Research on cannabinoids led to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system.Studiesaredescribedshowingthebenefits,aswellasharmfuleffectsof thisneurotransmittersystemonhumanhealth; (cid:129) Clinical trials involving pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder highlight the importance of individual differences and the contribution of concurrent mentalhealthconditions; (cid:129) Researchisdescribedinvolvingnicotine’sdirectactionsinthebraininregardto specificgenes thatmitigatethevulnerability todevelopnicotine dependence,as wellastherolethatotherconstituentsinnicotineandtobaccoproductshaveon maintainingdependence; (cid:129) Given the relapse rates with existing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- approved medications for smoking cessation, novel pharmacotherapies are beingdevelopedthroughclinicaltrialsthatmightholdadditionalpromise; (cid:129) Alcoholusedisorder(AUD)isprevalentinadolescentsandadults;howeverthe mechanisms mediating AUD may not be the same in these two populations. Preclinical models of adolescent vulnerability are described focusing on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission within regions/circuits that regulatecognitivefunction,emotion,andtheirintegration; (cid:129) Three medications have been approved in the USA, by the FDA, and in other countries to treat patients with AUD: disulfiram, naltrexone (oral and long- acting),andacamprosate.Individualdifferencesintreatmentresponsecontinued Preface vii to push for the development of other medications that have shown efficacy in clinicaltrials; (cid:129) The use of synthetic drugs has soared. Epidemiology, chemistry, pharmacophysiology,clinicaleffects,laboratorydetection,andclinicaltreatment are discussed for newly emerging drugs of abuse; the challenge to detect these drugs are of particular importance for hospital employees, medical examiners, andlawenforcementpersonnel. This volume reflects the culmination of significant efforts by many individuals who wrote, organized, and assembled these chapters. We would like to thank Dr.JamesE.Barrett,Editor-in-ChiefoftheHandbookofExperimentalPharmacol- ogy series, for inviting us to edit this volume and for his guidance throughout the process. We also would like to acknowledge the outstanding efforts of Susanne Dathe,CoralZhou,AnandVentakachalam,andGeritRother.Finally,wewouldlike to thank the contributors to this volume. Their insight and vision should guide clinicians and researchers into innovative treatment strategies for substance use disorders. Winston-Salem,NC,USA MichaelA.Nader NewYork,NY,USA YasminL.Hurd References CenterforDiseaseControl.DrugoverdosedeathsintheUnitedStates,1999–2017.NCHSData Brief,No.329,Nov2018 Dong Y et al (2017) Circuit and synaptic plasticity mechanisms of drug relapse. J Neurosci 37:10867–10876 HumphreysK,BickelWK(2018)Towardaneuroscienceoflong-termrecoveryfromaddiction. JAMAPsychiatry75:875–876 O’BrienMS,AnthonyJC(2005)Riskofbecomingcocainedependent:epidemiologicalestimates fortheUnitedStates,2000–2001.Neuropsychopharmacology30:1006–1018 PeacockA,LeungJ,LarneyS,ColledgeS,HickmanM,RehmJ,GiovinoGA,WestR,HallW, GriffithsP,AliR,GowingL,MarsdenJ,FerrariAJ,GrebelyJ,FarrellM,DegenhardtL(2018) Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction 113:1905–1926 Contents MethodsforPopulationResearchonSubstanceUse andConsequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MarkWolfson,KimberlyG.Wagoner,EunyoungY.Song, MelindaPankratz,andSundayAzagba TranslationalMolecularApproachesinSubstanceAbuseResearch. . . . 31 SashaL.FultonandIanMaze SmallMoleculeNeuropeptideSandMelanocortin4ReceptorLigands asPotentialTreatmentsforSubstanceUseDisorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 BruceBloughandOjasNamjoshi EmergingInsightsintoMuOpioidPharmacology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 GavrilW.Pasternak,StevenR.Childers,andYing-XianPan BehavioralPharmacologyofDrugsActingatMuOpioidReceptors. . . . 127 LisaR.Gerak,DavidR.Maguire,andCharlesP.France TheRiseandFallofKappa-OpioidReceptorsinDrugAbuse Research. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 147 MatthewL.Banks ClinicalTrialsforOpioidUseDisorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 EstherBlessing,SanyaVirani,andJohnRotrosen ModellingDifferentialVulnerabilitytoSubstanceUseDisorder inRodents:NeurobiologicalMechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 BiancaJupp,JolyonA.Jones,andJeffreyW.Dalley Activity-DependentEpigeneticRemodelinginCocaineUseDisorder. . . 231 AlbertoJ.López,CodyA.Siciliano,andErinS.Calipari MolecularMechanismsofAmphetamines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 265 MaartenE.A.ReithandMargaretE.Gnegy ClinicalTrialsforStimulantUseDisorders:AddressingHeterogeneities ThatMayUndermineTreatmentOutcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 PaulS.Regier,KyleM.Kampman,andAnnaRoseChildress iixx x Contents MolecularMechanismandCannabinoidPharmacology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 LesleyD.Schurman,DaiLu,DebraA.Kendall,AllynC.Howlett, andAronH.Lichtman PharmacotherapiesforCannabisUseDisorders:ClinicalChallenges andPromisingTherapeuticAgents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 SuzanneNielsen,PamelaSabioni,LindaGowing,andBernardLeFoll MolecularMechanismsAssociatedwithNicotinePharmacology andDependence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 ChristieD.Fowler,JillR.Turner,andM.ImadDamaj RandomizedClinicalTrialsInvestigatingInnovativeInterventions forSmokingCessationintheLastDecade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 MarieN.S.Gendy,ChristineIbrahim,MatthewE.Sloan, andBernardLeFoll AdolescentVulnerabilitytoAlcoholUseDisorder:Neurophysiological MechanismsfromPreclinicalStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 BrianA.McCoolandMollyM.McGinnis MedicationDevelopmentforAlcoholUseDisorder:AFocus onClinicalStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 LorenzoLeggio,DanielE.Falk,MeganL.Ryan,JoanneFertig, andRayeZ.Litten NewlyEmergingDrugsofAbuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 KenichiTamamaandMichaelJ.Lynch
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